Surgical treatment of varicocele, if effective, results in a relatively significant improvement in semen quality, especially in patients with oligospermia, where sperm density can be increased by 5 to 10 times. The percentage of increased conception rate and the probability of post-operative complications vary with different surgical procedures (see “50% vs. 20%, the numbers tell you which varicocele surgery to choose”), but the treatment is not aimed at the semen values, the most important thing is whether the patient can successfully conceive, therefore, the doctor should not only treat the lesion site through surgery, but also provide guidance to the patient on conception. Surgery is a way to protect the testicular function from continuing to decline, and most patients have naturally improved semen quality after the testicular function is restored. However, there are still some patients whose semen quality does not improve after surgery, which is actually not uncommon. They may have some other systemic diseases, such as endocrine diseases, and have poor spermatogenic function, which cannot be significantly improved even after surgery. Doctors will do a good job of communicating with the infertility patients before the surgery, and the surgery can be seen as a therapeutic diagnosis. If the semen quality improves after the surgery, it means that the infertility is caused by varicocele; if the semen quality does not change, it is necessary to look for other causes again, not that the surgery will necessarily improve the semen quality significantly. If the patient’s semen quality is elevated but still infertile, it may be due to the female partner, such as her age and bad ovulation, when artificial insemination can be considered; and if the quantity and quality of sperm is still bad after treatment, depending on the age of both parties, pregnancy can also be considered through second-generation IVF technology.