Non-smoking lung cancer is one of the ten most common causes of cancer death in the United States and worldwide, yet the benefits of screening for lung cancer in high-risk non-smoking populations are inconclusive. American scholar ten Haaf used the Microsimulation Screening (MISCAN)-lung microsimulation model to analyze the average risk of lung cancer in nonsmoking populations and the relative risk (RR) of different cohorts. The cohorts were evaluated against the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force criteria (USPSTF), using smoking lung cancer screening as a control. The results showed that the non-smoking population had a greater reduction in lung cancer-related mortality (37% vs 32%), but fewer benefit life years per lung cancer death averted (10.4 vs 11.9) and a higher rate of cancer misdiagnosis (9.6% vs 8.4%) than the USPSTF-included cohort. Because the nonsmoking population was older at the time of lung cancer diagnosis, 6,162 nonsmoking patients (mean risk 151) needed to be screened for each lung cancer death averted, while the USPSTF inclusion cohort (smoking patients) needed to screen only 353, with a relative risk of 35. The study concluded that, based on the USPSTF guidelines and weighing the benefits and harms of lung cancer screening, the relative risk (RR) for lung cancer screening in the nonsmoking population compared to the smoking population was between 15 and The efficacy of lung cancer screening in the non-smoking population between 15 and 35 is similar and recommended. However, for the majority of nonsmokers, the benefit of lung cancer screening is modest.