A red blood cell count of 5.77*10^12/L is above the upper limit of normal and the severity of the condition needs to be evaluated based on the specific etiology of the elevated red blood cell count. The normal range of erythrocyte count is 4.0-5.5*10^12/L for men and 3.5-5.0*10^12/L for women, and the causes of elevated erythrocyte counts can be categorized into physiologic and pathologic factors. Physiological erythrocytosis can be seen in the recovery period of acute hemorrhagic anemia, the bone marrow red lineage compensatory capacity can be up to 6-8 times of normal hematopoiesis, which may lead to a temporary increase in red blood cell counts, and can be returned to normal by itself. People living at high altitude for a long time, due to the thinning of oxygen in the air, the human body physiologically increases the red blood cell count in order to combine with enough oxygen for the body to use, will also have an elevated red blood cell count, and this type of patients do not need to be treated. A red blood cell count of 5.77*10^12/L due to the above physiologic factors is not serious. A common pathologic factor causing elevated red blood cells is chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms, of which true erythrocytosis is the most common. Patients with persistently elevated red blood cell counts and increased blood viscosity may lead to thrombotic disorders such as cerebral infarction, which can be life-threatening in severe cases. Therefore, when the red blood cell count is 5.77*10^12/L due to pathological factors, the condition is serious and can be treated with oral hydroxyurea tablets and/or subcutaneous injection of interferon to lower red blood cells. It is recommended that the patient should consult the hematology department in time to clarify the cause of the disease and then treat the cause of the disease.