Small vessel cerebral disease (SVC) is a common occult cerebrovascular disease that is easily overlooked, but it is a major culprit for cognitive impairment, dementia and mortality risk in the aging population. The most common clinical manifestations of LI are lacunar syndromes, including pure motor hemiparesis, pure sensory stroke, sensorimotor stroke, ataxic mild hemiparesis, and dysarthria hand clumsiness syndrome. The lacunar syndrome is not consistent with the type and location of the lesion, nor is it suggestive of pathogenesis, and needs to be differentiated from infarcts of other etiologies, which are more likely to be associated with multiple lacunae and more severe WML in CSVD and a single larger lesion without significant WML in atherosclerosis, while neurological deficits in LI are relatively mild and have a better prognosis than in large cerebral and cortical infarcts. Several studies have shown that lacunar, WML and CMB increase the risk of ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke. CSVD is a major cause of vascular cognitive impairment (VCI), which not only leads to vascular mild cognitive impairment (VaMCI) that does not reach the severity of dementia, but can also account for 36%-67% of vascular dementia (VaD). Attention and executive dysfunction are the main cognitive impairment features, consistent with typical subcortical impairment, while memory function is relatively mildly involved and recognition is relatively preserved. Studies have shown that both severe and rapidly progressive WML at baseline are strongly associated with attention and executive function impairment, which are independent risk factors for dementia and cognitive impairment. Patients with CSVD are prone to affective, behavioral and personality disorders that manifest as apathy, irritability and so-called vascular depression. 3. Other: Patients with CSVD are prone to gait abnormalities, falls and urinary abnormalities. WML is closely associated with cognitive function, gait, affective and voiding disorders and is an important imaging correlate of functional disability in the elderly population. The White Mass and Disability Study showed that in a cohort of more than 600 older adults with WML, those with mild, moderate, or severe WML at baseline had 9%, 15%, and 26% functional disability at 1 year, respectively, and those with severe WML had twice the risk of disability and death as those with mild WML.