1.What is diabetes mellitus? Diabetes mellitus is a common metabolic disease, with high blood sugar as the main symbol, and typical clinical cases may appear polyuria, polydipsia, polyphagia, wasting and other symptoms, namely “three more and one less”. Diabetes can lead to metabolic disorders in various organs and tissues throughout the body, among which diabetic eye disease is one of the serious complications of diabetes. Diabetic retinopathy, diabetic cataract, diabetic glaucoma, diabetic keratopathy, diabetic optic neuropathy, diabetic refractive changes, diabetic eye muscle paralysis, etc. Among them, diabetic retinopathy and diabetic cataract are the most common. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the most common ocular complication in diabetic patients, which can seriously damage patients’ vision and lead to irreversible blindness in the late stage. 4.The classification of diabetic retinopathy in China: Stage I: microangioma or combined with small hemorrhage; Stage II: hard exudate or combined with stage I changes; Stage III: cotton wool spot or combined with stage I and II changes; Stage IV: neovascularization or combined with vitreous hemorrhage; Stage V: fibrovascular proliferation membrane; Stage VI: retinal detachment with traction. The first three stages are simple type and the last three stages are proliferative type. The longer the disease duration, the higher the chance of disease. The disease duration is an important risk factor for diabetic retinopathy, and the longer the disease duration, the higher the prevalence rate. According to statistics, 17% of patients diagnosed before the age of 40 have fundus changes within 5 years of disease, and 97% of patients with disease duration of 15 years or more have fundus changes. 29% of patients diagnosed after the age of 40 have fundus changes within 5 years of disease duration, and 78% of patients with disease duration of 15 years or more have fundus changes. 5, diabetic retinopathy examination methods: fundus fluorescence imaging: to understand the diabetic retinopathy fundus blood supply, find the retinal non-perfusion area and neovascularization, guide the scope of laser photocoagulation. oct: to observe the severity of macular edema, if necessary, to give laser or drug treatment. 6.Treatment of diabetic retinopathy (1) Treatment of simple diabetic retinopathy The main treatment is systemic treatment. Firstly, treat the primary disease and control the blood glucose level within the normal range by medication and diet control. (2) Treatment of value-added diabetic retinopathy Laser treatment: The significance of laser treatment is to improve the condition of retinal ischemia and hypoxia, to make the new blood vessels recede, to avoid rebleeding, to close the part of the retina that is already hypoxic and ischemic, to ensure the ability of the retina in the center of the eye to supply blood and oxygen, to protect the central vision, to reduce the risk of deterioration, and to reduce the threat of blindness. Vitrectomy: If the patient’s retinal function is still good, mainly due to vitreous hemorrhage, mechanization and other causes of blindness, vitrectomy can be considered. 7, diabetic eye disease is important in the prevention of diabetic retinopathy early symptoms are light, the treatment effect is better. (1) Control blood sugar, blood pressure and blood lipids Actively treat diabetes so that blood sugar can be satisfactorily controlled. At the same time, blood pressure should be strictly controlled and blood lipids should be lowered. (2) Check the fundus regularly and pay attention to changes in vision It is recommended that diabetic patients should have their eyes examined annually with dilated pupils. type 1 diabetic patients should have their eyes examined regularly after puberty, and type 2 diabetic patients should have their eyes examined once from the time of discovery, and once a year if there are no eye complications for the time being. If eye abnormalities are found, they should be followed up at least once every six months, or as prescribed by the doctor. Give timely treatment to prevent the development of serious, even blinding eye disease. (3) Pay attention to diet: adjust the diet to include more protein-based foods and less fat-containing foods. Try to use less or no sugar snacks, sweet drinks, fried foods and other high-calorie foods, less salt-pickled foods such as pickles, and less animal fats. Try to use vegetable oil, eat more vegetables, especially dark vegetables, carrots, appropriate to increase the intake of seafood, such as kelp, nori, sea fish, etc., appropriate to increase the intake of magnesium, such as green leafy vegetables, millet, buckwheat noodles, beans and soybean products. 8, diabetic patients should usually pay attention to the symptoms When there are the following symptoms promptly to the condition of the large hospital ophthalmology to do a specialist examination: short-term blurred vision, sometimes heavy and sometimes light; unexplained loss of vision; night vision is poor; there are clouds of things in front of the eyes; sunlight, lighting light is not as dazzling as in the past; colors are not as bright as in the past; eye distension; eyes dry, sleep and closed eyes after no improvement. Diminished sense of stereo; reduced range of what you see in front of you; eyes are not sensitive to external stimuli such as smoke, etc. 9, prevention and treatment of diabetic eye disease misconceptions (1) pay attention to lowering sugar, not pay attention to lowering pressure and lipids. (2) Fear of trouble, unwilling to go to the ophthalmology long-term follow-up. (3) Only check the visual acuity, not willing to check the fundus. (4) think that the eye disease is already advanced, give up treatment early.