Hyperprolactinemia (HPRL) is a syndrome caused by a variety of factors, with persistent elevation of serum prolactin (PRL), which leads to dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. It is mostly seen in women, but relatively rare in men, and is mainly characterized by sexual dysfunction (decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, orgasmic dysfunction, and ejaculatory dysfunction), male infertility, and gynecomastia, which seriously endanger male reproductive health. Human prolactin is a peptide hormone synthesized mainly by eosinophils in the anterior pituitary gland. Normal levels of PRL can enhance luteinizing hormone (LH) and promote testosterone synthesis and secretion, further stimulate spermatogenesis and promote the evolution of spermatocytes into spermatozoa, help maintain high testosterone levels in men, and play an important role in the growth, development and functional maintenance of gonads and accessory glands. The causes of hyperprolactinemia can be categorized as physiological, pathological, pharmacological and idiopathic, with pathological and pharmacological being the main causes. 1. Physiological factors include feeding, sleep, nipple stimulation, sexual intercourse, stress, etc. 2. Pathological causes are mainly seen in hypothalamic-pituitary disorders, systemic diseases, neurogenic and ectopic prolactin production. Pituitary tumors are the most common cause of hyperprolactinemia, with prolactin adenomas being the most common. Decreased peripheral blood T3 and T4 levels in patients with primary hypothyroidism lead to increased secretion of TRH from the hypothalamus, which stimulates increased synthesis and secretion of PRL from the pituitary gland, leading to the development of hyperprolactinemia. 3, antipsychotic drugs, gastric motility drugs morpholine, metoclopramide and cimetidine, sedatives, anti-hypertensive drugs rifampin, alpha-methyldopa and other drugs can also cause increased secretion of prolactin. This leads to the occurrence of pharmacological hyperprolactinemia. 4. Hyperprolactinemia in men is indicated for treatment only when there is hypogonadism or symptoms of central aggression; otherwise, close follow-up is required. There are two types of treatment, pharmacological and surgical, and the specific treatment needs to be determined according to the patient’s condition.