(1) PDA with left-to-right shunt without combined cardiac malformation requiring surgery; narrowest diameter of PDA ≥ 2 mm; age: usually ≥ 6 months, weight ≥ 4 kg; (2) post-surgical residual shunt; (3) combined with severe pulmonary hypertension with pulmonary circulation flow Qp/body circulation flow Qs > 1.3, femoral artery oxygen (3) combined with severe pulmonary hypertension, pulmonary circulation blood flow Qp/body circulation blood flow Qs>1.3, femoral artery oxygen saturation ≥ 90%, can be considered for intervention. (2) Spring embolus method (1) PDA with left-to-right shunt without combined cardiac malformation requiring surgery; narrowest diameter of PDA (single Cook embolus ≤2mm; single pfm embolus ≤3mm). Age: usually ≥ 6 months, weight ≥ 4 kg; (2) post-surgical residual shunt. If the following conditions need to be noted: (1) premature ductus arteriosus with heart failure or with respiratory distress syndrome, which is ineffective with medical and pharmacological therapies, rescue surgery should be performed; (2) full-term ductus arteriosus with heart failure or progressive heart enlargement, which can be operated early; (3) combined pulmonary hypertension, which should be operated as long as left-to-right shunts are predominant; (4) patients with bacterial endocarditis need to suspend surgery (iv) Patients with bacterial endocarditis should be deferred and surgery should be performed 2 to 3 months after treatment. If the infection cannot be controlled, surgery should be sought, and the infection is often controlled quickly after surgery; ⑤ As for other intracardiac malformations, corrective surgery or staged surgery can be performed at the same time according to the condition; ⑥ PDA ≥ 14 mm, which is difficult to operate, has a low success rate and many complications, so caution should be exercised. Contraindications to the treatment of patent ductus arteriosus: (a) Amplatzer method (1) Infectious endocarditis, redundancy within the patent ductus arteriosus; (2) Severe pulmonary hypertension with bidirectional or right-to-left shunts; (3) Cardiac malformations dependent on the presence of PDA; (4) Sepsis, severe infection within 1 month before the blocking procedure. (2) Spring embolization method (1) Window-type PDA; (2) The rest as above. Complications of arterial catheterization treatment: (1) hemolysis; (2) dislodgement of the blocker; (3) residual shunt; (4) stenosis of the left pulmonary artery and descending aorta; (5) arrhythmia; (6) transient hypertension; (7) infective endocarditis; (8) vascular injury; (9) vocal cord paralysis (spring embolization method).