The prevention and treatment plan for hepatitis B in China is formulated every 5 years, and the goal of the prevention and treatment plan from 2006 to 2016 is to reduce the HBsAg positivity rate in the general population to about 7%. The most recent seroepidemiological survey of hepatitis B in China was completed in 2014, targeting people aged 1 to 29 years. The main reasons for focusing on hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in people aged 1 to 29 years are twofold: (i) the prevalence of hepatitis B in people aged 29 years or older has not changed much according to the epidemiological findings of the three previous hepatitis B seroprevalence surveys; and (ii) the need to use the money on the “cutting edge” because of limited research funding. According to the results of the 1992 national hepatitis B seroepidemiological survey, the HBsAg prevalence rate in China’s general population was 9.75%; the 2006 hepatitis B seroepidemiological survey showed that the HBsAg prevalence rate in China’s general population decreased to 7.18%; the results of the 2014 survey further showed the decreasing trend of HBV infection in China. The prevalence of HBsAg in all age groups decreased significantly: ① 0-4 years old, 0.96% in 2006, to 0.32% in 2014; ② 5-14 years old, 2.42% in 2006, to 0.94% in 2014; ③ 15-29 years old, 8.57% in 2006, to 4.38% in 2014. Based on the general population HBsAg carriage rate in 2006 (7.18%), it is projected that there are about 93 million people with chronic HBV infection in China, including about 20 million cases of chronic hepatitis B (CHB). The main reasons for the significant decline in HBV infection rates in China include hepatitis B vaccination for newborns, catch-up vaccination for children, the use of disposable syringes, and significant improvements in hospital sterilization and isolation systems. The World Health Organization (WHO) has also praised the decline in HBV infection rates in China as one of the country’s greatest achievements in public health in the 21st century. In terms of hepatitis C, there has also been a significant decline in prevalence. 1992 National Sero-Epidemiological Survey on Viral Hepatitis showed that the prevalence of anti-HCV in the general population was 3.2% at that time, which dropped to 0.43% in the 2006 survey. This extrapolates to about 14 million people infected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) in the general population in 1992, compared to about 5.6 million in 2006. Considering high-risk groups, such as HIV patients, patients with frequent blood transfusions, and gay men, as well as HCV-infected patients in high-incidence areas, the current prevalence of anti-HCV in China is roughly estimated to be about 1%, or about 10 million cases of HCV infection. Overall, although the prevalence of both hepatitis B and hepatitis C is decreasing, there are still many patients with chronic hepatitis B and hepatitis C because of the large population base, and these two diseases are still posing a serious burden to our country. According to the 2014 survey results, it is estimated that there are still 23 million patients with CHB, 6 million of whom are in urgent need of antiviral treatment due to cirrhosis and liver fibrosis; the same is true for hepatitis C. There are still 10 million patients with hepatitis C, and the number is still huge, so the task of preventing and treating viral hepatitis in China is still very heavy and the situation is still serious.