Many factors influence stone formation; age, gender, race, genetics, environmental factors, dietary habits and occupation have a significant impact on stone formation. Abnormalities in the body’s metabolism, obstruction of the urinary tract, infection, foreign body and drug use are common causes of stone formation. Attention to these issues can reduce stone formation and recurrence. (i) Metabolic abnormalities 1. urine acidity. 2, hypercalcemia Common diseases causing hypercalcemia include hyperparathyroidism, lacto-a-alkaline syndrome, nodular disease or sarcoidosis, vitamin D toxicity, malignancy, cortisolism, hyperthyroidism, pheochromocytoma, adrenal insufficiency, taking thiazide diuretics, recovery from acute tubular necrosis, multiple myeloma, hypothyroidism and vitamin A toxicity. 3, hypercalciuria Primary hypercalciuria is divided into 3 types: absorptive hypercalciuria, renal hypercalciuria and reabsorptive hypercalciuria. In addition, some metabolic diseases of clear etiology can also cause secondary hypercalciuria and the formation of calcium-containing stones in the urinary tract, such as distal tubular acidosis, nodular disease, prolonged bed rest, bone Page-t disease, glucocorticoid excess, hyperthyroidism and vitamin D toxicity. Among them, about 0,5% to 3% of patients with urinary calcium-containing stones are accompanied by the presence of distal renal tubular acidosis. 4, Hyperoxaluria primary hyperoxaluria [type I for glycolicaciduria and type II for glycericaciduria] is rare. Causes of secondary hyperoxaluria include excessive intake of VitC, excessive intake of oxalic acid and its precursors in the diet, decreased intake of calcium in the diet, enterogenic hyperoxaluria, and VitB6 deficiency. A common cause of increased urinary oxalate is increased absorption of enteric-derived oxalic acid and its precursors. On the other hand, hyperoxaluria associated with disturbances in bile acid metabolism and excessive water loss can also occur after small bowel resection or short-circuit surgery, steatorrhea, or in Crohn’s disease. In addition, it has been suggested that the number of oxalobacteria (O, formigenes) in the intestine is reduced in patients with hyperoxaluria.5, Hyperuricuria. 6, Cystinuria. 7.Low citrateuria. 8, Hypomagnesuria. (ii) Local etiology Urinary tract obstruction, infection and the presence of foreign bodies in the urinary tract are the main local factors that induce stone formation. Obstruction can lead to infection and stone formation, while stones themselves are also foreign bodies in the urinary tract, the latter aggravating obstruction and infection. Clinical obstructive diseases that predispose to urinary tract stone formation include two major categories: mechanical and dynamic obstruction. Among them, pelvic ureteral junction stenosis, bladder neck stenosis, spongy kidney, renal ureteral malformation, ureteral orifice bulge, renal cyst, renal calyx diverticulum and horseshoe kidney are the common mechanical obstructive diseases. In addition, intrarenal-type pelvic and calyx neck stenosis can cause urinary retention, which can induce the formation of kidney stones. Neurogenic bladder and congenital giant ureter are dynamic obstructive disorders, and the latter two can also cause urinary retention and promote stone formation. (iii) Drug-related factors Drug-induced kidney stones account for 1% to 2% of all stones and are divided into 2 major categories: one is drugs with high urine concentration and relatively low solubility, including aminopterin (triamterene), drugs for HIV infection (e.g. indinavir indinaVir), magnesium silicate and sulfonamides, which are themselves components of stones. Another group of drugs that can induce stone formation includes acetazolamide, VitD, VitC and corticosteroids, which are metabolized in a process that leads to the formation of stones of other components.