The strict definition of early-stage ovarian cancer should be defined as ovarian cancer with a surgical pathological stage of stage I. Surgery should be preferred for early-stage ovarian cancer. The purpose of surgery is threefold: complete removal of the tumor, definitive diagnosis, and accurate staging. The procedure is now commonly referred to as full staging surgery. In order to achieve accurate staging, a large enough longitudinal incision is usually chosen for the surgery, including abdominal irrigation fluid or ascites after opening and sending it for cytologic pathology, comprehensive exploration and biopsy of suspicious areas such as peritoneum; total hysterectomy, bilateral adnexal resection, major omentectomy (usually along the root of the transverse colonic mesentery), pelvic lymph node dissection and abdominal para-aortic lymph node dissection should also be performed routinely. The appendix should also be routinely removed for epithelial carcinoma. Since the ovarian artery originates directly from the abdominal aorta or left renal artery, and the ovarian vein returns directly to the inferior vena cava or left renal vein, patients with ovarian cancer have a similar chance of pelvic and para-aortic lymph node metastases, and can also have jumping metastases, and the para-aortic lymph nodes must be removed intraoperatively. The National Comprehensive Cancer Network NCCN guidelines for the management of ovarian cancer emphasize that paraaortic lymph nodes should be resected at least to the level of the inferior mesenteric artery and preferably to the level of the renal vasculature. It is important to emphasize that for early stage patients, systematic lymph node dissection should always be performed rather than lymph node biopsy. One study reported 268 early stage patients with proposed stage I and II diagnosis, and 22% of the systemic lymph node dissection group were found to have positive lesions, while only 9% of the lymph node biopsy group were found to be positive. In young, fertile patients with stage I patients with tumors confined to one ovary of any grade, reproductive function can be preserved with no impact on patient survival. The scope of surgery must meet the requirements for full staging surgery, except for preservation of the healthy adnexa and uterus, called staging surgery with preservation of reproductive function. Preserved ovaries with any abnormalities in appearance should be dissected and require biopsy and frozen pathology if necessary. A completely normal-looking ovary does not need to be routinely dissected because the incidence of occult contralateral ovarian involvement is only 2.5% clinically, and dissection can affect fertility. One hundred and thirteen deliveries were reported in 282 patients with preserved fertility, but there were 33 recurrences and 16 deaths due to tumors. There are few studies on the chances of recurrence and survival outcomes in patients with preserved fertility, and the safety of ovulation induction and hormonal contraceptives is unclear. Removal of the uterus and preserved ovaries after completion of fertility is recommended. Patients whose initial surgery is not fully staged should undergo another full staging procedure, called re-staging, before chemotherapy is started. The patient’s prognosis and choice of adjuvant therapy are based on tumor staging. According to the literature, the staging escalation rate after open restaging surgery is 30-36%, and the staging escalation rate after laparoscopic restaging surgery is 11%-35.7%. The significance of restaging surgery is that it facilitates the accurate determination of the disease, the development of appropriate treatment plans and the improvement of prognosis. For example, on the one hand, it allows patients in the truly early low-risk group to be spared unnecessary chemotherapy, for example, according to the NCCN guidelines, early-stage ovarian cancer with high or intermediate differentiation in IA and IB can be observed without chemotherapy; on the other hand, it can also screen patients with advanced metastases and achieve complete tumor reduction, avoid under-treatment, and improve prognosis. For patients who refuse re-staging surgery, additional chemotherapy is needed. It is important to emphasize that it has been an accepted principle that the earlier the patient is, the larger the surgery should be. Narrowing the scope of surgery or incomplete staging under any pretext other than the patient’s own difficulty in tolerating surgery is not standard treatment. If, for technical reasons, the above required surgical scope cannot be achieved, it is best to transfer the patient to a hospital with the appropriate technical level before surgery; if the primary care physician unexpectedly encounters ovarian cancer during surgery, he or she may perform only competent surgery such as biopsy or adnexal resection, and transfer the patient to a higher level hospital for re-staging surgery before chemotherapy begins. Laparoscopic staging surgery for early-stage ovarian cancer has been reported in only 300 cases worldwide. The advantages and disadvantages of survival outcomes compared with open surgery are inconclusive and need to be reevaluated, and it is not recommended as a routine procedure.