Abscess pleura refers to the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity produced by infection of the pleural cavity caused by different pathogenic bacteria. Simple peri-pulmonary effusion refers to uninfected, free-flowing effusion; complex peri-pulmonary effusion refers to an early stage of infection that progresses toward fibrous tissue that separates and encapsulates and confines; and abscess pleura refers to the accumulation of true pus in the pleural cavity. Refractory pleural effusion refers to an effusion that has developed into an encapsulated and separated into small cavities. The natural progression of simple and complicated peri-pulmonary effusions is to become refractory pleural fluid, which then develops into a pus-filled chest. Suppurative pleural fluid is one of the common diseases of the chest, mostly seen in children and young adults. In recent years, due to the application of antibiotics, the incidence of abscess chest caused by general pathogenic bacteria such as S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus and other infections has decreased significantly, but some complex and special infections caused by abscess chest still have certain difficulties in diagnosis and treatment, which bring long-term pain to patients, affect the labor force and even cause death. Therefore, we should pay enough attention to pustothorax, strive for early diagnosis and early treatment, and improve the cure rate. Clinically, according to the pathological process and stage of abscess chest, it is divided into acute and chronic abscess chest. According to the extent of the lesion involving the pleural cavity, it can be divided into limited (wrapped) and diffuse (total) pustulothorax. According to the different pathogenic bacteria causing the pustulothorax, it can be divided into tuberculous pustulothorax and amoebic pustulothorax. If pneumothorax is combined with pneumothorax, it is called pneumothorax.