Bladder cancer is the most common malignant tumor of the urinary system, the majority of which originates from the uroepithelial tissue, of which more than 90% are uroepithelial tumors. Worldwide, the incidence of bladder cancer ranks ninth among malignant tumors, sixth among men and after tenth among women. According to the American Cancer Society, in 2006 in the United States, bladder cancer was the fourth most common malignant tumor in men after prostate cancer, lung cancer and rectal cancer, and the ninth in women, with about 60,000 people diagnosed with bladder cancer by clinicians and more than 10,000 people dying of bladder cancer each year. In China, the incidence rate of bladder cancer in men ranks eighth among all tumors in the body, and in women ranks twelfth, with incidence rates much lower than those in western countries. The incidence rate of bladder cancer in men is 3-4 times that of women.
Risk factors for developing bladder tumors include: 1. 20% increased risk of developing bladder cancer in people with long-term exposure to carcinogenic substances: the effects of these carcinogens are often recessive and take a long time to manifest, sometimes even 30 to 50 years. Of course, this risk is also related to the duration of exposure, the amount of exposure and the type of carcinogens. Some high-risk occupations include: dye workers, printers, shoe workers, and truck drivers. The hazardous chemicals are mainly from aromatic amines contained in dyes, paints, inks and artificial leathers, such as aniline dyes, dimethylnaphthylamine, o-aminobiphenyl, p-nitrobiphenyl, p-diaminobiphenyl, sodium diaminonaphthol, etc. In the United States in the 1970s, about 20% of bladder cancer patients were related to occupational exposure.
2, some studies have shown that smoking is the most common cancer-causing factor: associated with the occurrence of a variety of tumors, about one-third of bladder cancer is related to smoking, and the risk of bladder cancer in people who smoke is twice that of nonsmokers. The highest prevalence rate is found in those who smoke regular cigarettes, while cigar smokers have a relatively low rate. The cause of cancer from smoking may be related to the fact that tobacco contains a variety of aromatic amine derivatives of carcinogenic substances, and the longer you smoke and the more you smoke, the greater the risk of tumors.
3.Chronic infection of bladder: long-term stimulation of foreign body is likely to cause bladder cancer, such as bladder stones, long-term indwelling catheterization, bladder diverticulum, cystitis of Egyptian schistosomiasis, etc. Squamous cell carcinoma is more common.
4.Pelvic radiotherapy: the risk of bladder cancer in women who receive radiotherapy after cervical cancer surgery is 2 to 4 times higher than that in patients who just receive surgery, much higher than that in patients who receive chemotherapy alone, and the risk often lasts for more than 10 years after radiotherapy, because radiotherapy leads to bladder cancer is often a higher grade, locally progressive tumor.
5.Cyclophosphamide: The risk of bladder cancer in patients treated with cyclophosphamide chemotherapy is 9 times higher than that of the general population, and most of them are high-grade and muscle-invasive tumors with a short latency period of bladder cancer, ranging from 6 to 13 years.
6. Other risk factors: abnormal endogenous tryptophan metabolism, increased tryptophan content in urine; age and gender both affect the occurrence of bladder cancer, the median age of bladder metastatic cell carcinoma in men is 69 years old; in women, it is 71 years old, and men are twice as old as women.
These are the possible risk factors for bladder cancer, but because the specific reasons for the occurrence of tumors are still unknown, most of them are epidemiological findings, which is also the reason why many people often mention that someone who smokes very much does not get cancer while non-smokers do get cancer, epidemiological surveys are groups, which are statistical concepts. Therefore, when primary prevention is very difficult, early detection of tumors through regular medical checkups is a more realistic and effective way to beat cancer.