It occurs most often in children under 5 years of age (incomplete development of the supporting tissues in the pelvis during childhood) and in the elderly, and also in women who have given birth multiple times (old age, women who have given birth multiple times, reduced bone tone and relaxation of the pelvic muscles). The causes of prolapse are mostly due to weakness of the anal levator and pelvic floor muscles or relaxation of the anal sphincter. The diseases that cause persistent abdominal pressure increase, such as long-term diarrhea, constipation, prostatic hypertrophy, bladder stones, and chronic cough, are the causative factors of this disease. Pathology of rectal prolapse: 1. Incomplete prolapse: it is the separation of the lower mucosa of the rectum from the muscle layer, which is displaced downward and forms a fold. Some are partial mucosa, some are full circumferential mucosal subluxation. If prolapsed out of the anus, protruding mucosa into a ring, purple-red, shiny, with bleeding spots on the surface. If the time prolapse is long, there is mucosal thickening, purple, and some have erosion. 2.Complete prolapse: oval-shaped, prolapsed for a longer period of time, with mucosal redness and erosion due to sphincter contraction and obstruction of venous reflux. Later, the rectum is separated from the posterior wall of the pelvis, the sigmoid colon is prolapsed, the sphincter and the anal levator muscle are relaxed, the anal canal is enlarged, and there is sometimes small intestine in the prolapse. If the prolapse is prolonged and fails to return, the intestinal wall may become necrotic and bleeding, or even rupture. The anal levator muscle atrophies, the muscles on both sides separate, and the anal levator muscle fissure increases; the physiological bend or angle of the pelvis and rectum disappears, and the organs and tissues in the pelvis prolapse through the anus, which can make more prolapse due to the increase of abdominal pressure. 3.internal prolapse at first: it is a circular folding in the rectum, the intestinal wall protrudes into the intestinal cavity, and finally fills the pot belly, obstructing the anal canal when exerting force, and the mucosa becomes inflamed and ulcerated due to repeated upward and downward retraction, with increased mucus and sometimes bleeding. Treatment of rectal prolapse can be divided into non-surgical treatment and surgical treatment. 1, non-surgical treatment: pediatric rectal prolapse has a tendency to heal itself, mostly before the age of 5, non-surgical treatment should be the main focus. Including a rich and nutritious diet, drink more water, eat more fibrous food, avoid constipation or diarrhea, etc.. When the intestinal tube is prolapsed, it should be retracted immediately and the anus should be closed temporarily with adhesive tape on the buttocks to reduce the frequency of prolapse. At the same time, poor defecation patterns should be corrected and the child should wait for self-healing during growth. Injection therapy can also be considered, including submucosal rectal injection method and perirectal injection method, that is, the drug is injected into the intestinal wall to produce fibrosis through drug-induced sterile inflammation, so that the rectum adheres to the surrounding tissues and plays a fixed role. Of course, this method is also applicable to rectal prolapse in adults. 2, surgical treatment: adults with rectal prolapse of the whole layer to the main surgical treatment. Including tightening the anus and strengthening the sphincter; excision or repair of prolapsed tissue; rectal fixation; pelvic floor strengthening and rectal bladder trap atresia, etc. Among them, rectal suspension and fixation are most commonly used. Each surgical method has its own advantages and disadvantages and recurrence rate. Therefore, it is necessary to choose different surgical methods according to the type of debridement and general condition. Sometimes a combination of several surgical procedures is needed to achieve the best treatment results.