At present, there is still a lack of internationally recognized and effective treatments for HPV infection, so the prevention and treatment of cervical lesions through the treatment of HPV infection has been a hot topic of discussion in recent years. Existing treatments include: antiviral drugs, including herpes net, acyclic guanosine, polycytidylic acid, and so on. Immunity enhancers include interferon, transfer factor, immunoglobulin, interleukin 12, etc. Topical medications include warfarin, 5-FU, trichloroacetic acid, peptidylbutylamine cream, etc. However, most of them lack strong evidence and theoretical support from evidence-based medicine and large-sample studies. Nowadays, the development of preventive and therapeutic vaccines has brought new hope for the prevention and treatment of HPV infection and cervical cancer. Currently, vaccines can be categorized into preventive and therapeutic vaccines. 1. Mechanism of vaccine action Three groups of proteins are recognized as capable of inducing an immune response in the body: (1) viral oncogenes E6 and E7 proteins, which can be consistently expressed in cervical cancer; (2) other early proteins, such as E1, E2, E4, and E5; and (3) viral coat proteins L1 and L2, which can be expressed in the basal layer of the epithelium. epithelial basal layer. The capsid proteins have the ability to self-assemble into virus-like particles (VLP), and most prophylactic vaccines use VLP as the target antigen. VLP has the same antigenic spatial epitopes as intact viruses, and has high immunogenicity, which induces the body to produce highly efficient protective specific neutralizing antibodies, mobilizes the body’s humoral immune response to prevent the binding of HPV to the receptors of the host cells, and generates a strong immune response. VLP consists of viral structural proteins and does not contain viral DNA or oncoproteins, so it is highly immunogenic and will not cause viral infections in the body due to vaccination, so it has a high safety profile and is suitable for people who are not infected with HPV. The most researched VLP vaccine is currently composed of L1 alone. Because Ll is specific and highly conserved, HPV antibodies against Ll VLP are type-specific; another combination vaccine composed of L1 and L2 together has a better preventive effect than the vaccine composed of Ll alone due to the existence of cross-protection against other types, but it does not have an advantage in terms of preparation and cost, and this combination vaccine is currently under study; the less studied chimeric vaccine is a combination of other The less studied chimeric vaccine integrates other non-structural proteins (e.g., E7) into VLP to induce cellular immune response, which is a vaccine with both preventive and therapeutic effects, and its efficacy and safety need to be confirmed by further research. At present, there is no vaccination for primary prevention of cervical cancer in China. Internationally, the best time for preventive vaccination is before entering the sexually active period and potential exposure to HPV. There are currently 2 preventive vaccines approved for marketing in Europe and by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA). One vaccine is a four-component vaccine against types 6, 11, 16, and 18, and the other is a two-component vaccine against types 6 and 7. Clinical trials have demonstrated that both vaccines are well tolerated with no serious adverse effects and high antibody potency. The effectiveness of the vaccine decreases with the number of sexual partners and age. The clinical use of the quadrivalent vaccine (Gardasil) is targeted at women aged 9-26 years, and there have been studies focusing on the effectiveness of the vaccine in women with a high history of HPV infection in groups aged 26-55 years, which is important for the development of relevant health policies. Problems with the HPV vaccine HPV vaccination has greatly increased the options for preventing cervical cancer, but there are many challenges for resource-poor regions. The price of the vaccine is still too high for most developing and poor countries, and there are no studies in infants. This constraint prevents existing HPV vaccines from being approved for inclusion in the Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI), which has been successfully rolled out and covers most resource-poor countries. Studies have shown that the type of HPV infection varies across regions, populations, and ethnic groups, which determines the overall preventive effect of HPV vaccines when they are introduced to the market, and that vaccination may cause a change in the underlying type of infection. For regions with better screening, the greatest benefit of the vaccine is in reducing the cost of diagnosing cervical cancer and treating precursor lesions, whereas women who do not have access to standardized screening are often not in a position to receive the expensive vaccine either. The current injectable vaccine is expensive and requires advanced technology and special equipment for manufacturing and stockpiling, making it difficult to promote on a large scale in low- and middle-income countries, taking into account national circumstances, and simpler and more cost-effective routes of immunization and vaccine storage need to be further researched.