The human skull is made up of many skull pieces, which are loosely connected by fibrous tissue. As the frontal lobe continues to develop after birth, people still have fontanelle, which forms a loose cranial cavity with the rapid growth of brain tissue, and the cranial suture closes after the development of the human brain is completed, forming a barrier to protect brain tissue. The human brain tissue doubles in size during the first 6 months of life, which is known as the golden period of brain tissue development, and doubles again by the age of 2. Therefore, the most important period of brain development is before the age of 2. One of the most common and important causes of brain development is premature closure of the cranial suture. Premature craniosynostosis affects 16 out of every 10,000 live births in the United States, about 4 out of 10,000 in England and France, 6 out of 10,000 in Israel, and no statistics are available for China. Premature closure of the cranial suture, also known as craniosynostosis, is caused by premature healing of the cranial gap for various reasons, thus prematurely forming a dead cavity that restricts the space for brain tissue development, resulting in cranial malformation in mild cases and brain dysplasia, cerebral palsy, epilepsy, hydrocephalus and high cranial pressure in severe cases, manifesting as various mental retardation and motor disorders, etc. There are two types of craniosynostosis: primary and secondary. Primary craniosynostosis is simply an abnormality of cranial development, while secondary craniosynostosis is one of the manifestations of many other diseases, and nearly one hundred diseases have been found to be related to it. One craniosynostosis may have mild symptoms, mainly causing abnormal skull shape and less affecting brain development, while multiple craniosynostosis is often serious and requires early treatment. Multiple pregnancies, low amniotic fluid, and intrauterine restraint of the fetal head have been reported from abroad as possible causes of postnatal craniosynostosis, as well as maternal smoking, drug use, and hyperthyroidism as possible contributing factors. The American Association for Pediatric Neurosurgery’s publication Pediatric Neurosurgery states that if sialorrhea is detected during pregnancy, surgery should be performed in the first month of life, and if sialorrhea is detected after birth, surgery should be performed at 2-3 months of age. This is mainly because once the golden period of brain development is missed, it is difficult to recover the loss. A small baby can grow 1-1.5 cm in head circumference every month for the first 6 months, for a total of 7 to 9 cm, and only 2 to 3 cm in total from 7 months to 1 year, 2 cm from 1 year to 2 years, 1 cm per year after 2 years, and less than 1 cm per year after 5 years. If a child is operated at 7 months of age, the first half of the developmental peak is missed and the ideal result is a head circumference of 2 cm by 1 year of age, while if surgery is performed at 1 year of age, the ideal head circumference will not grow more than 2 cm by 2 years of age from the original. In addition, the actual results do not reach these results if the original disease is not found and treated. Therefore the American Journal of Pediatric Neurosurgery emphasizes that narrow craniosynostosis should not be understood mechanically and that slowing down the growth rate of head circumference is more relevant than cranial suture closure. Early indications for surgery should be the slowing and cessation of head circumference growth, the middle stage should be the loss of fontanelle reduction and cranial suture closure bulge, and the late stage should be the appearance of severe brain dysplasia manifestations, epilepsy, hydrocephalus, and cranial fingerprinting signs. In China, most of the cranial suture premature closure surgeries are too late, which is mainly because there are too few real pediatric neurosurgeons in China and the related science is not done enough, resulting in the peak of brain development being missed and causing unnecessary disability aggravation of the children. In older toddlers and children, the cosmetic significance of craniosynostosis surgery may be more obvious than promoting brain development because the peak of brain development has passed. There are many secondary causes of craniosynostosis, such as rickets, anti-vitamin D rickets, hypophosphatemia, hyperthyroidism, sickle cell anemia, true erythropoietic anemia, dyscrasia, congenital hemolytic jaundice, etc. Some drugs can also cause craniosynostosis, such as methotrexate, aminopterin, valproic acid, phenytoin sodium, vitamin A acid, and some metabolic diseases. Therefore, children with craniosynostosis must first be operated on to resolve the narrow cranial cavity, and then the primary cause must be identified and treated as aggressively as possible to clear the obstacles to brain development. Not all craniosynostosis requires surgery, some simple craniosynostosis, such as herringbone suture, does not necessarily require surgery, while sagittal suture closure can cause the anterior-posterior diameter of the head to grow, but we look at the European and American head is the anterior-posterior diameter is long, so as long as it does not affect the brain development, simple abnormalities in the shape of the head whether surgery, according to the severity of the deformity and the patient’s family requirements, because the main purpose of surgery is cosmetic. And as long as it affects brain development such as complex cranial suture premature closure and frontal suture premature closure, it should be operated and is an absolute indication for surgery, and it should be detected, diagnosed and treated early. The main purpose of surgery is to re-establish a new bone sulcus through suture reconstruction or craniotomy, so that the cranial cavity can be enlarged to ensure the normal development of the brain. The two basic goals of surgical treatment are to repair the normal anatomy of the skull and to take advantage of the strong impetus of brain development during the first year of infancy. Therefore, the earlier the surgery is performed, the better the results are theoretically. Surgery should be performed within 7 months of birth for a better prognosis. The later the surgery, the worse the outcome. It is generally believed that if the child is physically capable, surgery should be performed as early as possible after birth to release the narrowed cranial cavity as soon as possible to facilitate the development of brain tissue. If only one or two cranial sutures are ossified, surgery can be performed 4-6 weeks after birth; if multiple cranial sutures are ossified and there is an increase in intracranial pressure, surgery should be performed 1 week after birth so that it can be successful. When optic nerve atrophy and mental retardation appear, even if surgery is performed, the neurological recovery is not satisfactory. At present, there is no unified standard for the indication of surgical treatment for narrow craniosynostosis. Because the purpose of surgery is different, the indications are also different. The indications for surgery include orthopedic indications, functional recovery indications, psychological and sociological indications, and so on. Sometimes psychological and sociological factors determine the surgical indications, and full consent of the family is required for surgery. For early cases, early surgery is ideal, especially within 1 year of age, because this is the time when the brain is growing vigorously and has a greater impetus to the cranial front, which facilitates postoperative reconstruction and plays a good role in shaping. If it is not an emergency, the most appropriate age for early surgery is 6 to 9 months after birth. The cranial deformities that can be operated on include oblique head deformity, triangular head deformity and navicular head deformity. In acute cases, this age limit may be disregarded and the main consideration is to ensure that neurological function is not compromised.