1. Congenital deafness: Patients have hearing impairment at birth or shortly after birth. Mostly, deafness caused by abnormalities in the mother during pregnancy, delivery or genetic factors is called congenital deafness, which can be detected early through the newborn hearing screening route. Congenital deafness can be divided into two categories: hereditary and non-hereditary. It can also be divided into three categories: conductive, sensorineural and mixed. Congenital sensorineural deafness is irreversible, and there is no effective drug to treat it, but it can be intervened through hearing aids or cochlear implantation in very severe cases. 2. Secretory otitis media: Inflammation of the external auditory canal, infection of the upper respiratory tract such as the nasal cavity, sinuses and nasopharynx can cause otitis media. Improper treatment or no treatment can also cause infection of the inner ear, which in severe cases can lead to total deafness and intracranial complications. The anatomical characteristics of the eustachian tube in children make it easier for nasal infections to be introduced into the middle ear, resulting in recurrent secretory otitis media and purulent otitis media. The incidence of secretory otitis media is relatively high among children. The most frequent manifestation of the disease in preschoolers is ignoring the calls of their parents, which parents often mistake for inattention, while school-age children are mainly characterized by a decline in academic performance and watching television at a loud volume. The causes of secretory otitis media in children are mostly adenoid hypertrophy and sinusitis. Common causes are upper respiratory tract infections, eustachian tube obstruction (e.g., nasal polyps, adenoid hypertrophy, congenital malformations, cleft palate, etc.) and other diseases that can cause eustachian tube dysfunction (e.g., acute and chronic rhinitis, diving, etc.). Exudative otitis media most commonly causes conductive deafness, but without proper treatment or delayed treatment, prolonged illness may cause neurological or mixed deafness, or cause adhesive otitis media, which can have progressive hearing loss and can be tricky to treat – so parents and teachers need to raise awareness of the disease and treat children with recurrent Children with upper respiratory tract infections, especially those who are unresponsive to sound, inattentive, and have decreased academic performance, should be brought to the hospital for examination. 3, hearing loss caused by infectious diseases: epidemic meningitis, mumps in the onset of the disease, if not treated in a timely manner, will occur sensorineural hearing loss. This refers to the hearing loss caused by damage to the structure and function of the auditory nervous system caused by pathogenic microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses. Timely detection and treatment of this disease is the key, once the onset of more than 30 days, it is generally considered that there is no way back to heaven. 4.Hearing loss caused by ototoxic drugs: Drugs and chemical substances can enter the inner ear through systemic medication, body cavity, body surface, and body circulation to cause poisoning, or poisoning of the auditory pathway, and pregnant women can also enter the fetus through the placenta to cause hearing damage. The most common drugs are aminoglycoside antibiotics (streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin, gentamicin, etc.). The basic factor for the occurrence of auditory toxicity is the susceptibility of the individual to the toxicity of ototoxic antibiotics. The susceptible individual can be poisoned with only a small amount of the drug (sometimes just 1 shot), even severe poisoning, and this susceptibility has obvious heredity (mitochondrial DNA deletion or mutation, etc.) DD i.e. family susceptibility. The disease should try to avoid the use of ototoxic drugs, such as the necessary use to pay attention to hearing, once the wave of hearing to timely treatment (early detection and timely treatment). 5, auditory neuropathy: this disease is not rare. It is more common in adolescents, and can also start in infancy. It occurs in children who have had hyperbilirubinemia (i.e., jaundice) during the neonatal period. The onset of hearing loss can be binaural or monaural, and is insidious. The clinical manifestations are particularly difficult to hear the other person’s speech, i.e., only the sound is heard, but not the meaning. There may be a family history of the disease, such as several siblings or brothers in a family. There is no specific treatment for this disease. The effectiveness of hearing aids is controversial. In recent years, there have been initial reports of good results with cochlear implants. Patients are usually required to learn to lip read. 6, large vestibular canal syndrome: vestibular canal enlargement, and accompanied by sensorineural hearing loss and other symptoms . It is called large vestibular aqueduct syndrome. This is a congenital malformation of the inner ear. With the advancement of imaging and cochlear implantation, the detection rate of this disease has increased. The onset of deafness can begin at any time between birth and adolescence, and can be sudden or insidious, with progressive or fluctuating hearing loss, which can be triggered by minor trauma to the head or by rapid changes in ambient pressure, such as flying in a plane, diving, playing a musical instrument vigorously, holding one’s breath (e.g., lifting weights, defecating), or holding one’s nose vigorously. The diagnosis can be established if the vestibular canal is enlarged on radiological examination. Once the diagnosis of the disease is established, patients and their parents should be clearly informed that they should do everything possible to prevent sudden hearing loss in the affected ear, such as avoiding head trauma, including bumps or slaps to the head; not participating in competitive sports, or playing a musical instrument, lifting weights, diving, or holding the nose, and preventing excessive emotional stress. This disease can be intervened with the use of hearing aids and cochlear implants. Parents should monitor their children’s hearing on a daily basis, especially if there is an accident that causes hearing loss (such as a head-on collision), and should pay special attention to the hearing loss.