A, the indications and contraindications of cosmetic surgery: cosmetic surgery indications are not as strict as other surgical procedures, because the candidates are normal people, the main consideration for the personal wishes of the candidates. However, cosmetic plastic surgery has strict contraindications, in addition to systemic diseases of important organs or systems, the following cases are also contraindicated: 1, the surgical requirements are unclear or ambiguous motives. 2, the requirements are too high, beyond the effects of surgery can be achieved. 3, the aesthetic plastic surgery is very simple, very easy. 4, cosmetic surgery is only due to others persuasion or to make others happy. 5, because of emotional reasons, frustration in life and suddenly decided to do plastic surgery. 6, has a history of multiple cosmetic surgery, not satisfied with the original plastic surgeon. 7, to solve the difficulties in life to cosmetic plastic surgery. 8, a history of mental illness. 9, underage, immature development of young girls. The most common cosmetic surgery: 1, blepharoplasty: Single eyelid is a racial genetic characteristic of most Chinese Han Chinese, coupled with the Mongolian crease in the inner canthus, often making many young women “a pool of water” deep hidden, it is difficult for others to see her beautiful mind through this deep window. Blepharoplasty can open the “window to the soul” for young women who love beauty, making them “smile and look beautiful”. This is possible because blepharoplasty can accomplish several things: ① Eliminate the bloating of the upper eyelid, making it thinner and clearer. (2) Keeps the upper lid skin from sagging and the lid margin clearly visible, allowing the eyelashes to be slightly upturned. ③The eye fissure becomes wider and longer. ④The inner canthus crease is eliminated. The design of blepharoplasty varies from person to person: a wider blepharoplasty (about 1 cm) is available for people with long, square faces, strong personalities, and literary artists. Most candidates have a moderate blepharoplasty (7 to 8 mm) because the width of the upper eyelid is 7 to 9 mm in the East. For people with a mild temperament and a dignified appearance, a parallel blepharoplasty with the same full length is appropriate; for people with a cheerful personality and a pretty face, a wide external and narrow internal blepharoplasty is appropriate. There are three methods of blepharoplasty: the buried lid method, the suture method, and the incisional lid fixation method. The suture method is suitable for young people with large eyelids, thin eyelids, and normal skin tone without laxity; the suture method is suitable for people with large eyelids, thin eyelids, and mild laxity of the eyelid skin; and the incision lid fixation method is suitable for any type of single eyelid, and can correct laxity, bloating, or excess fat in the upper eyelid skin, resulting in a stable double eyelid that does not disappear easily. The main complications of blepharoplasty are: edema, asymmetry of the eyelids, poor eyelash position, loss of the eyelids, incomplete closure of the lids, sunken orbital area, and nodal cysts. The shape of the heavy lids should be in harmony with the shape of the face and other senses, and with the personality and expression habits, not the wider the heavy lids the better. 2.Rhinoplasty: The nose is trigonous and rises in the center of the face. Whether from the side or frontal observation are rich in three-dimensional sense. As it is in the most prominent part of the face, any slight disproportion or irregularity in shape appears to be very obvious. Nasal reconstruction for nasal defects was already possible in ancient India 3,000 years ago, but cosmetic rhinoplasty began in the 19th century with the large nasal reduction performed by the German plastic surgeon Diffenbach (1845). Compared with Western Caucasians (Caucasian), the nose of Chinese Han Chinese is not tall enough. Most of the cosmetic rhinoplasties in Europe and America are done to flatten the overly high nasal dorsum “hump” and trim the overly pointed and drooping nasal tip “hawk hook”. Chinese women mostly do rhinoplasty to lift the low bridge of the nose and make it small and delicate. It is to get rid of the dullness of a flat face and to show the three-dimensionality of a handsome face. The surgical method to make a beautiful nose is to implant a finely sculpted nasal brace implant under the dorsal fascia of the nose, and there are several implants with stable performance and good results as follows: ① autologous bone or cartilage; ② silicone rubber prosthesis; ③ polytetrafluoroethylene prosthesis; ④ hydroxyapatite artificial bone, etc. The surgery should pay attention to: ①The root of the nose should be handled well, otherwise there will be a sense of abruptness, unnatural curve and abnormal frontal nasal angle. ②The level of peeling implantation of the prosthesis needs to be correct, otherwise there will be exposed prosthesis, skin necrosis, etc. ③The length and shape of the prosthesis should be chosen according to the shape of the external nose and the expected effect. ④The reconstructed nose should be angular and symmetrical on both sides, and each angle should meet the aesthetic standards. ⑤ The nose of David shaped by Michelangelo is upright and straight, showing a strong character. But this kind of nose is not suitable for Chinese Han people, especially Chinese women. 3. Lip and premaxillary surgery: Chinese and Western cultures differ in many aspects, which are also reflected in people’s aesthetics and aesthetic needs. Western newspapers and films promote women with large mouths and thick lips in order to look “sexy”. In Chinese culture, thick lips are considered to be a characteristic of simplicity and inarticulateness. This image is obviously taboo for modern professional women in public relations, information industry, and business and finance, which require a friendly, intelligent, and articulate image. Therefore, it is also a fashion for many young and middle-aged women to request lip thinning plastic surgery. Although lip thinning plastic surgery is simple and easy to perform, it is important to do a detailed examination before the surgery to clarify whether the lips are really thick to avoid adverse consequences. Ms. Li, from the Pearl River Delta region of Guangdong, is the PR manager of a brand-name company. Not long ago, she came to the hospital to earnestly request lip thinning plastic surgery, she believes that “the lips are too thick, not very elegant”, “their own image will affect the corporate image”. However, after detailed examination, the doctor found that she did not have thick lips, but rather an anterior protrusion of the alveolar bone in the upper and lower jaws (which is very common in the Chinese Han population), resulting in open lips and teeth, with the upper lip appearing to be thick and protruding, commonly known as “whistling teeth”. After X-ray cephalometric measurements and analysis of the dental plaster model, a clear diagnosis of bimaxillary protrusion was made. After the subapical osteotomy of the maxillary and mandibular anterior teeth, the tension balance of the orbicularis oris muscle and the natural shape of the mouth and lips were restored. Ms. Li obtained the image of a beautiful exterior and a wise interior. 4, facial wrinkle removal surgery: many career-minded middle-aged women do not want to affect their careers because of the gradual aging of their appearance, hoping to restore youthful vitality. Correction of facial aging cosmetic plastic surgery, the earliest in English called Face lift, meaning to lift the facial skin, to combat its sagging. In the early 20th century, Cantnell (1902) was the first to perform skin wrinkle removal. The most used basic surgical technique today is the Superficial Myofascial System (SMAS) tightening procedure proposed by Mitz-Peyronie in the 1970s. The main steps of the procedure are to fully free the loose skin, dissect and tighten the SMAS expression muscle and fascia, remove the excess skin, and suture the incision in the scalp hairline. The scope and type of surgery varies from person to person. For those who only have obvious crow’s feet around the orbits, only lateral wrinkle stretching of the orbits can be performed; for those who have horizontal forehead wrinkles, frown wrinkles between the eyebrows, loose and sagging skin of the eyebrow arch and upper lid, frontal and temporal skin tightening should be performed; due to skin ageing changes, loose and sagging skin of the cheeks, deepening of the nasolabial folds, disappearance of the jaw and neck angle, the face loses its proper contours and lines. In this case, facial skin tightening surgery should be performed to make facial wrinkles stretch, nasolabial folds become shallow, jaw and neck angle contours appear, and the face regains youthful vitality; as for neck skin laxity, limited fat accumulation to form turkey-like neck skin sacs, and fat pockets in the sub-chin area, neck skin tightening surgery should be performed. Generally speaking, the best age for wrinkle reduction surgery is 45~55 years old. This is because wrinkle reduction can generally make the face look 10 years younger and a second skin lift can be performed when the skin ages again. If the procedure is performed too early, more procedures will be needed when the facial skin really ages. Too many surgeries can damage the neurovascular nutrition of the skin, which can become thin, shiny and atrophied. Facial expressions can appear dull due to damage to the facial expression muscles. But this is not absolute, there are some women in the face around 30 years old on the phenomenon of skin laxity, due to occupational needs can perform facial wrinkle surgery. 5, facial contouring facial transformation surgery: beauty not only depends on the harmony and symmetry of facial features, recent aesthetic anatomical research shows that facial features, skin and soft tissue beauty depends largely on the craniofacial skeletal framework structure. In our research, we found that the bony structures of the craniomaxillofacial region and each other have their own intrinsic aesthetic laws, which can be expressed by mathematical functions. This pattern of close correlation between the structures also suggests that the plastic surgery of each structure will affect the other structures and the morphology of the entire craniofacial surface, and that craniofacial plastic surgery must be designed in a comprehensive and meticulous manner. Cosmetic craniofacial surgery, known as the art of craniofacial skeletal and facial sculpture, is a new technique that has developed rapidly in recent years. Cosmetic craniofacial surgery can reconstruct the morphological structures of the skull, orbit, zygoma, zygomatic arch, upper and lower jaws, and chin, and reshape the correlation between the skeletal structures and between the bones and soft tissues in a harmonious and proportional manner, thus obtaining a beautiful face full of youthfulness and vitality. In the past many years, the shaping plastic surgery of the forehead, brow arch, and supraorbital rim in craniofacial cosmetic rejuvenation surgery has not received enough attention, while these areas have distinct gender and personality characteristics. Irregular and excessively prominent forehead and brow arch can be feminized by removing the cortical bone and part of the cancellous bone from the outer plate of the frontal bone; the frontal bone in the area between the eyebrows can be osteotomized to remove the anterior wall of the frontal sinus and pushed back to make the forehead smooth and round; the flat or tilted frontal bone can be implanted to increase the volume of the forehead to make the heavenly court full; the bony edge of the external superior orbital angle that causes the tilted lid fissure can be excised or reshaped by grinding, and the external canthus can be completed at the same time. Ligamentoplasty. Frontal-orbital osteomorphic surgery can usually be performed at the same time as brow and forehead lift and wrinkle removal, i.e., craniofacial reshaping and rejuvenation surgery can be performed at the same time. To completely change the entire frontal-orbital shape requires more complex craniofacial surgery, which is performed through a combined intracranial-extracranial approach using a coronal incision in the scalp, where the orbital-frontal band forming the upper part of the orbit can be intercepted and bent so that it becomes rounded and curved from flat. Bilateral zygomatic bones are too high and too protruding (more common in the East), and the rhombic face caused by temporal depression appears to be prominent in the zygomatic-facial area, and the midface is too wide, often giving people a sense of fierceness or emaciation. The zygomatic bone and zygomatic arch can be reduced through the technique of osteotomy forward or backward shift according to the wishes of the candidate; bilateral temporal biomaterial implants or temporal muscle fascial flap transfer can be used to make the temporal area plump and the zygomatic area rounded. Different degrees of bilateral anterior jaw protrusion (commonly known as whistling teeth) are more common in the Oriental population. Concurrent maxillary and mandibular osteotomy and chin slide anterior migration plastic surgery can obtain good cosmetic results. Anterior subapical osteotomy is used for the lower jaw, while anterior maxillary osteotomy is used for the upper jaw. Through this double jaw surgery, the morphology of the upper and lower jaws is reshaped, a good nasolabial angle is restored, the red lip protrusion is receded to after the aesthetic plane, and a pleasing aesthetic effect is obtained while restoring the normal dental relationship. Masticatory muscles and jaw angle hypertrophy lead to bilateral facial expansion and hypertrophy, presenting a triangular face shape, often giving people a rough feeling. It can be treated with jaw angle osteotomy and partial masticatory muscle excision plastic surgery to obtain a soft and beautiful face shape. The chin is a prominent feature of the face unique to human beings formed through a long evolutionary process, and the chin, like the nose, occupies a prominent position on the face. Changes in the shape of the chin will affect the structural features of the entire face. A short or receding chin is out of proportion to the upper and middle face, making the lower part of the face feel wider. The chin can be shaped through chin osteotomy bone grafting or chin biocompatible material implantation chin augmentation surgery, so that the proportions of the various parts of the jaw and face can be coordinated to produce the effect of a beautiful goose egg-shaped face. Chin surgery can be performed simultaneously with other cosmetic surgeries, such as facial wrinkle removal, fat excision in the sub-chin area, and rhinoplasty. The effect of horizontal chin osteotomy is the same as that of facial lift, which can reproduce a sharp chin and neck angle and tighten the neck muscles to correct the sagging skin and soft tissues of the neck, making women look young or youthful. Recent studies have shown that the atrophy of the anterior and posterior diameters of the middle facial bones with the increase of the supraorbital rim with age results in or aggravates the sagging of the facial skin. Therefore, craniofacial skeletal expansion plastic surgery should be considered for candidates who require facial rejuvenation. Osteotomy is a procedure in which the maxilla and the anterior wall of the zygomatic bone are cut open and the zygomatic arch is used as the tip to expand outward to increase the volume of the middle facial skeleton and reshape its three-dimensional shape. The outer plate of the skull is cut and grafted into the bone gap left after the osteotomy and expansion to support the bone. The results are superior when performed in conjunction with skin and soft tissue tightening and remodeling procedures. The use of bone grafting and mechanical fixation to maintain the bone expansion eliminates the need for strong internal fixation with titanium plates. The new techniques of cosmetic craniofacial surgery introduced above are just being developed in China. At present, it can only be performed in the craniofacial plastic surgery department of the plastic surgery hospital with advanced equipment and strong technical force. Readers who have the desire to love beauty, if you want to perform cosmetic surgery must be cautious, must discuss with experienced plastic surgeons, strictly grasp the indications, choose the correct surgical method to avoid adverse complications of facial damage.