I. Hepatitis B Vaccine Prevention Hepatitis B vaccination is the most effective way to prevent HBV infection. Hepatitis B vaccination targets are mainly newborns, followed by infants and young children, unimmunized people under 15 years of age and high-risk groups (such as medical personnel, people with frequent contact with blood, staff of child care institutions, organ transplant patients, people who often receive blood transfusion or blood products, immunocompromised people, people prone to trauma, family members of HBsAg-positive people, male homosexuality or multiple sexual partners and people who inject drugs intravenously, etc.). (e.g. people who inject drugs into the vein, etc.). Hepatitis B vaccine requires 3 doses, according to the 0, 1, 6 months program, i.e., after the first dose of vaccine, the second and third doses will be given at an interval of 1 month and 6 months. Hepatitis B vaccination for newborns should be given within 24 hours after birth, the earlier the better. The vaccination site is intramuscular in the lateral aspect of the anterior gluteal area for newborns, and intramuscular in the middle of the deltoid muscle of the upper arm for children and adults. The interruption rate of mother-to-child transmission with hepatitis B vaccine alone is 87.8%. Neonates of HBsAg-positive mothers should receive hepatitis B immunoglobulin (HBIG) as early as possible within 24 h after birth (preferably 12 h after birth) at a dose of ≥100 IU, along with 10 μg of recombinant yeast or 20 μg of Chinese hamster oocyte (CHO) hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, and the second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine at 1 and 6 months, respectively. vaccine at 1 and 6 months of age, which significantly improves the efficacy of interruption of mother-to-child transmission (II-3). It is also possible to administer one dose of HBIG within 12 h of birth, followed by a second dose of HBIG 1 month later, and concurrently with one dose of 10 μg of recombinant yeast or 20 μg of CHO hepatitis B vaccine at different sites, with second and third doses of hepatitis B vaccine at intervals of 1 and 6 months, respectively [39]. Neonates were allowed to receive breastfeeding from HBsAg-positive mothers after receiving HBIG and hepatitis B vaccine within 12 h of birth (III). Neonates from HBsAg-negative mothers can be immunized with 5 μg or 10 μg of yeast or 10 μg of CHO hepatitis B vaccine; children who did not receive hepatitis B vaccine during the neonatal period should be given catch-up vaccination with 5 μg or 10 μg of recombinant yeast or 10 μg of CHO hepatitis B vaccine; and 20 μg of yeast or 20 μg of CHO hepatitis B vaccine is recommended for adults. For immunocompromised or non-responders, the vaccine dose (e.g., 60 μg) and number of injections should be increased; those who do not respond to the 3-vaccination program can be vaccinated with 3 more injections, and anti-HBs in serum can be detected 1-2 months after the second 3-vaccination of Hepatitis B Vaccine, and if there is still no response, a single 60 μg recombinant yeast Hepatitis B Vaccine can be vaccinated. The protective effect of hepatitis B vaccination for antibody responders generally lasts for at least 12 years [42]; therefore, anti-HBs surveillance or booster immunization is not required for the general population. However, anti-HBs monitoring can be performed for high-risk groups, and booster immunization (III) can be given if anti-HBs is <10 mIU/mL. Cut off the transmission route Greatly promote safe injections (including acupuncture needles) and strictly follow the Standard Precaution principle in hospital infection management. The instruments used in the service industry for hairdressing, shaving, pedicure, piercing and tattooing should also be strictly sterilized. Pay attention to personal hygiene and do not share razors and dental appliances with anyone. Provide proper sex education. If the sexual partner is HBsAg-positive, he/she should be vaccinated against hepatitis B or use condoms; when the health status of the sexual partner is unknown, condoms must be used to prevent hepatitis B and other blood-borne or sexually transmitted diseases. For HBsAg-positive pregnant women, amniocentesis should be avoided and delivery time should be shortened to ensure the integrity of the placenta and minimize the chance of the newborn being exposed to maternal blood. HBV prevention after accidental exposure After accidental exposure to blood and body fluids of HBV-infected person, it can be handled according to the following methods: 1. Serological testing HBV DNA, HBsAg, anti-HBs, HBeAg, anti-HBc, ALT and AST should be tested immediately and re-tested within 3 and 6 months. 2. 2.Active and passive immunization If hepatitis B vaccine has been administered and anti-HBs ≥10 mIU/mL is known, no special treatment may be performed. If the patient has not received hepatitis B vaccine, or has received hepatitis B vaccine but anti-HBs <10 mIU/mL or anti-HBs level is unknown, he/she should be injected with HBIG 200~400 IU immediately, and at the same time, he/she should receive one injection of hepatitis B vaccine (20 mg) in different parts of the body, and then receive the second and third injections of hepatitis B vaccine (each with 20 mg) at 1 and 6 months later, respectively. Management of patients and carriers When acute or chronic hepatitis B is diagnosed, it should be reported to the local Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) according to the regulations, and it is recommended that the family members of the patients should be tested for serum HBsAg, anti-HBc and anti-HBs, and the susceptible ones (those who are negative for the three markers) should be vaccinated with hepatitis B vaccine. The infectiousness of patients and carriers of hepatitis B depends primarily on the level of HBV DNA in the blood, not on serum ALT, AST, or bilirubin levels. Follow-up of patients and carriers of hepatitis B is described in "Follow-up of patients" of this Guide. For chronic HBV carriers and HBsAg carriers (see "Clinical Diagnosis" in the Guidelines), except for not being able to donate blood, tissues and organs, and engaging in professions or jobs specified by the State, they can work and study as usual, but should be followed up medically at regular intervals.