Surgical resection is the main treatment for lung cancer. Patients with stage I, II, some stage IIIa non-small cell lung cancer and some limited stage small cell lung cancer are suitable for surgical treatment. With the continuous improvement and progress of neoadjuvant therapy, some late stage non-small cell lung cancer can also be treated well with surgery. However, surgery is not the only treatment for lung cancer. Radiotherapy can be used for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer patients who cannot be treated surgically due to medical reasons, and it is also an important preoperative and postoperative adjuvant treatment for operable patients, local treatment for patients with locally advanced lesions that cannot be removed, and palliative treatment for patients with advanced incurable disease. In addition, drug therapy is also an important part of lung cancer treatment, which includes chemotherapy and molecular targeted drug therapy. Chemotherapy is widely used in advanced non-small cell lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer that cannot be surgically resected, and adjuvant treatment of non-small cell lung cancer in the perioperative period. In recent years, drug therapy has made rapid development, especially EGFR-TKI therapy, which brings benefits to patients with EGFR-sensitive mutations. In conclusion, surgery is not the only treatment for lung cancer. For lung cancer patients with different stages and different underlying conditions, doctors will choose different comprehensive treatment strategies to strive for longer survival time and higher quality of life for patients.