Mitral stenosis: 1. Left atrial compensatory stage: asymptomatic. 2. 2.Left atrial decompensation stage: due to pulmonary stasis may cause exertional shortness of breath with cough and hemoptysis. 3.Right heart involvement stage: body circulation stasis, liver large and with pressure pain, jugular vein rage, edema, ascites, urine. 4, mitral valve face (zygomatic red lips cyanosis): apical region can be touched diastolic tremor, can be heard after diastolic motion is clearer, the first heart sound is hyper, can be heard mitral valve open beat sound; pulmonary valve area of the second heart sound is hyper, splitting, and sometimes the area can be heard in the diastole of early blowing-like murmur (Graham-Steell murmur). (1) X-ray examination: the left atrium is enlarged (right anterior oblique barium swallow fluoroscopy, visible esophageal pressure traces, the pulmonary artery segment protrudes, the heart shadow is pear-shaped, and the shadow of the pulmonary valve is enlarged and thickened. (2) Electrocardiography: “mitral valve criminal P wave”, i.e., P wave widening with notching; right ventricular hypertrophy with strain, common Pavl>1.0mV, RavR.0.5mV. Mitral valve closure insufficiency: 1. Asymptomatic during the compensatory period, palpitations, shortness of breath, and fatigue can be observed when the left heart fails. 2. The heart boundary is enlarged to the left; a loud, rough systolic wind-like murmur can be heard in the apical region, which is often conducted to the axilla or the back; the third heart sound can be heard; the second heart sound in the pulmonary valve region is hyperactive.3 Auxiliary examination: (1) X-ray examination: left atrium and left ventricle are enlarged, and the pulmonary artery segment is protruding. (2) Electrocardiography: left atrial enlargement and left ventricular hypertrophy and strain. (3) Echocardiography: M-mode can be measured when the left atrium and left ventricle are enlarged. Third, the aortic valve closure insufficiency: 1, early asymptomatic, or have precordial discomfort or head arterial pulsation sensation; late stage can appear left heart failure symptoms, acute severe patients have chest pain. 2, Trail face pallor, apical trapping to the left downward displacement, was lifting, heart turbid tone boundary increased boot-shaped, the aortic valve area and the left edge of the sternum between the 3rd and 4th intercostal spaces can be heard diastolic, high-pitched, decreasing type of haze-like murmur, to the apical part of the heart; the apical region of the heart can be heard in low-pitched, soft mid-diastolic murmur (Austin-Flint murmur); the decline in diastolic blood pressure, the pulse pressure increases, there may be a peripheral vascular signs, such as water rushing pulse, gunshot sound, the peripheral vascular signs, such as water rushing pulse, gunshot sound, the peripheral vascular signs. Such as watery pulse, gunshot sound, capillary trapping and Durozicr’s sign.