Pulmonary alveoli, also known as pulmonary blisters and air sacs, are usually secondary to inflammatory lesions of the small bronchi, such as bronchitis, bronchiectasis, pneumonia, and tuberculosis. Others are idiopathic, of unknown cause, and are a more common form of limited emphysema, caused by various causes of elevated pressure in the alveolar cavity, rupture of the alveolar walls, fusion with each other, and formation of air-containing cavities in the lung tissue. There are two types of pulmonary alveoli, congenital and acquired. 1, congenital pulmonary alveoli: most often seen in infants and young children, is due to their congenital bronchial hair in the abnormal, mucosal folds are flap-like, cartilage dysplasia, caused by the role of live valve. 2, Acquired alveoli: Mostly seen in adults and elderly patients, especially those with chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Due to the destruction of lung tissue, pulmonary alveoli, if not treated in time, a series of complications may occur, which can affect life in serious cases. If spontaneous pneumothorax occurs, the patient can have sudden chest pain, wheezing, coughing and difficulty in breathing, and if not treated in time, pulmonary encephalopathy and respiratory failure can occur. Spontaneous hemopneumothorax, mostly due to rupture of small blood vessels, requires emergency treatment if it is progressive hemothorax. Other complications include secondary infection and mediastinal displacement.