The formation of stones is directly related to environmental factors, dietary habits and diseases of the urinary tract. Stones often cause clinical symptoms such as back pain and hematuria, and due to the presence of stones, they can also easily cause urinary tract obstruction and induce urinary tract infections. Stones are composed of two parts, the crystal and the matrix, and the main component is the crystal component. Depending on the crystal composition, stones can be divided into four main categories, including calcium-containing stones, infected stones, uric acid stones, and cystine stones. Calcium-containing stones have the highest incidence and are commonly found, such as calcium carbonate. There are various treatment methods for stones, one of which is extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy or surgical lithotripsy and stone extraction. In addition, stones of special composition, such as uric acid stones and cystine stones, can be treated with drug lithotripsy.