In life, we often encounter such patients, drunkenness, sleep soundly, and then wake up in the morning to find that the arm is swollen and painful, but in the face, at home to endure without going to the hospital. In the end it is really unbearable to go to the hospital, but due to miss the best diagnosis and treatment time, and lead to disability, this is how it is? This is the fascial compartment syndrome is at fault. Osteofascial compartment is composed of bone, interosseous membrane, intermuscular septum and deep fascia. Fascial compartment syndrome refers to a series of early syndromes arising from acute ischemia and hypoxia of muscles and nerves within the osteofascial compartment, which is most common in the forearms and lower legs. What are the causes of fascial compartment syndrome? 1, too tight dressing after trauma or surgery; 2, prolonged compression of the limb by external heavy objects or body weight. 3, intraoperative tourniquet application time is too long, after ischemia tissue swelling. 4, injury, contusion, crush injury, burns and other injuries caused by increased capillary permeability, increased exudation, tissue edema, volume increase. 5, Strenuous exercise, such as long-distance running, marching. 6, Large vessel injury, intraosseous fascial compartment hemorrhage, hematoma extrusion. What are the consequences of the occurrence of fascial compartment syndrome? Because the wall of the osteofascial chamber is tough and inelastic, when the volume of the contents increases or the volume of the chamber decreases, the pressure within the chamber increases and the circulation is impeded, resulting in ischemia and hypoxia in the muscles and nerves within the interfascial chamber. Because of ischemia, hypoxia capillary permeability is further enhanced, fluid exudation increases, tissue edema is severe, intraventricular pressure further increases, forming a vicious circle. Muscle tissue within the interfascial compartment ischemia 2 to 4 hours of functional changes, ischemia 8 to 12 hours, permanent damage occurs (muscle necrosis). If not disposed of in time will occur: 1, in the early stage of severe ischemia, muscle is not yet necrosis or a small amount of necrosis, if this time, immediate treatment to rebuild the blood supply, can be avoided to occur in a large number of muscle necrosis, recovery does not affect the function of the limbs. 2.Ischemia persists to the extent that there is more muscle necrosis. If treatment is started at this time and blood supply is restored, the limb can still be recovered, but due to more muscle necrosis, although repaired by fibrous tissue, scar contracture and nerve damage will occur, and the unique deformity of claw shaped hand and claw shaped foot will occur. 3.Ischemia can not be corrected, a large number of muscle necrosis, can not be repaired, can only be amputated or serious complications will occur, can be life-threatening. 4.Muscle necrosis can release a lot of K+, myoglobin. Tissue ischemia, hypoxia produces a large number of toxic mediators. These substances enter the blood circulation after the blood circulation improves, which will cause systemic damage, such as shock, cardiac dysfunction, heart rhythm disorders and so on. So how can it be detected early? Osteofascial compartment syndrome can be characterized by the “5 P’s”, i.e. Pallor, Paresthesias, Pulseless, Paralysis and Pain when stretching fingers and toes. Pain often appears early and is a symptom that occurs in almost all patients. The description of this pain tends to be a deep, constant pain that cannot be precisely localized, sometimes out of proportion to the degree of injury. The pain is aggravated by passive stretching of muscle groups within the osteofascial compartment. Sensory abnormalities (e.g., pins and needles sensation) are also common and typical and are indicative of cutaneous nerve involvement. Limb paralysis often occurs late in the course of the disease. On palpation, there is a marked increase in tension in the involved fascial compartments. Patients usually do not present with “pulselessness” because the pressures that give rise to Osteofascial compartment syndrome are generally lower than arterial blood pressure. What is the treatment of Osteofascial Compartment Syndrome? In the early stages, it can be treated with dehydrating and decongestive medications, but if this is not effective and the symptoms continue to worsen, it is necessary to make an emergency incision to reduce the tension and drain the area.