Thyroid nodules can be treated with levothyroxine suppressive therapy, local anhydrous ethanol injection, nuclear therapy and surgery, depending on the patient’s condition and the characteristics of the nodule. L-thyroxine suppressive therapy is mainly for nodular goiter, and it has been reported in the literature that it is less effective for goiter in iodine-deficient areas, but not for goiter with normal iodine uptake, and it is not recommended in several countries for patients with normal iodine uptake, and it should be applied in appropriate patients, considering that it may cause arrhythmia in the elderly and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women. For thyroid cysts or nodules combined with cystic degeneration local anhydrous ethanol injection can be used to extract the fluid from the cyst and then inject a small amount of anhydrous ethanol to mechanize the nodules. It is less painful and there is no surgical incision in the neck, but the patient is selective, the treatment recurrence rate is high, and the possibility of malignancy must be excluded before surgery. Nuclear therapy is mainly for patients with toxic diffuse goiter. If medical treatment is ineffective and they are not willing to undergo surgery, this method can be considered. The efficiency after treatment is 70%-96%, and the long-term recurrence rate is 1%-4%. The main side effect is hypothyroidism, with an early incidence of 7%-11%. Indications for surgery of thyroid nodules include: large masses or compression of surrounding tissues, retrosternal goiter, suspected malignant possibility, nodules with hyperthyroidism or high-functioning adenoma, and nodules for which endocrinology treatment is ineffective. If hyperthyroidism is present, it is best to be treated by endocrinology to control hyperthyroidism before surgery; surgery should preserve the patient’s normal glands as much as possible, less complications such as damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve and hypoparathyroidism, and colleagues should be treated with oral levothyroxine. Acute thyroiditis should be treated with anti-infective therapy, while subacute thyroiditis can be treated with hormonal therapy. Since the majority of thyroid nodules are benign, patients diagnosed with thyroid nodules need not worry, as long as they are examined and diagnosed in the relevant specialist and the appropriate treatment is chosen according to the different conditions, most patients can avoid unnecessary surgery.