How to diagnose kidney cancer? The clinical diagnosis of kidney cancer mainly relies on imaging examinations, while pathological examinations are required for confirming the diagnosis. 1. Laboratory tests that must be included: urea nitrogen, creatinine, liver function, complete blood count, hemoglobin, blood calcium, blood sugar, blood sedimentation, alkaline phosphatase and lactate dehydrogenase. 2. Mandatory imaging tests: Ultrasound or color Doppler ultrasound of the abdomen, chest X-ray, CT scan and enhanced scan of the abdomen (if the iodine allergy test is negative and there are no contraindications). The abdominal CT scan and enhancement scan and chest CT are the main basis for preoperative clinical staging. 3, optional imaging items abdominal plain film: can help to select surgical incision for open surgery; nuclear renal hemogram or IVU examination indications: those who cannot evaluate the contralateral renal function without CT enhancement scan; nuclear bone imaging indications: (1) have corresponding bone symptoms; (2) high alkaline phosphatase; (3) patients with clinical staging ≥ stage III. Indications for CT scan of chest: (1) suspicious nodules on chest X-ray; (2) patients with clinical stage ≥ III; indications for MRI and CT scan of head: patients with headache or corresponding neurological symptoms; indications for MRI scan of abdomen: patients with renal insufficiency, ultrasonic examination or CT examination suggesting inferior vena cava tumor embolism. 4.Imaging examination items selected by conditional areas and patients Hospitals with the following examination equipment and patients with good economic conditions can select the examination items. Renal ultrasonography, spiral CT and MRI scan are mainly used for the diagnosis and differential diagnosis of kidney cancer; positron emission tomography or PET-CT examination is expensive and mainly used for the detection of distant metastatic lesions and the evaluation of the efficacy of chemotherapy, cytokine therapy, molecular targeted therapy or radiotherapy. 5.Examinations not recommended Renal puncture biopsy and renal angiography have limited diagnostic value for kidney cancer and are not recommended as routine examinations for kidney cancer patients. For patients with small tumors whose nature is difficult to be determined by imaging diagnosis, they can choose to undergo kidney unit preservation surgery or regular (1-3 months) follow-up examinations. For patients with advanced renal tumors that cannot be treated surgically and require chemotherapy or other treatments, renal aspiration biopsy can be chosen to obtain pathological diagnosis before treatment in order to clarify the diagnosis. For patients who need palliative renal artery embolization or preserved renal unit surgery, renal angiography can be chosen to understand the distribution of renal vessels and tumor vascularity.