Surgery is one of the main treatment methods for breast cancer, especially for early stage breast cancer, surgery is an important method to achieve a cure. Currently, there are two main types of surgery: modified radical breast surgery (mastectomy + axillary lymph node dissection) and breast-conserving radical surgery (segmental excision with breast preservation + axillary lymph node dissection). Over the past 20 years, numerous clinical subgroup studies have shown that breast-conserving surgery and postoperative radiation therapy for early-stage breast cancer are equally safe and effective compared to conventional radical surgery. What kind of patients can undergo breast-conserving surgery? Generally speaking, breast-conserving surgery can be performed on a solitary mass, usually less than 3 cm in diameter, or on a large mass that can be reduced through preoperative chemotherapy or endocrine therapy. Patients with diffuse calcification and those with contraindications to radiotherapy need to be excluded as well. Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a major breakthrough in the field of breast cancer surgery in recent years. The aim is to eliminate the need for axillary lymph node dissection in breast cancer with negative axillary lymph nodes through sentinel lymph node biopsy. Over the past century, the treatment of breast cancer has gone through radical surgery, extended radical surgery, modified radical surgery, and breast-conserving surgery, while post-operative breast reconstruction has also become an option for patients with breast cancer. Today, breast cancer patients can sit down with their surgeons and discuss their treatment options, choosing the most appropriate one from among the different options.