Spring is the high season of respiratory infectious diseases, because the weather is changeable, sometimes warm and sometimes cold, the climate is still cold and dry, especially in the north, people have experienced a long winter, when spring comes, the human internal environment is difficult to adapt to the external environment at once, the human body’s immunity is relatively low, germs, viruses and other disease-causing microorganisms to take advantage of the opportunity to enter and attack the human body, if you do not usually pay attention to exercise, coupled with If you do not pay attention to exercise, coupled with the lack of indoor air circulation, it is easy to occur the epidemic of respiratory infectious diseases. Common infectious diseases include: influenza, epidemic meningitis, measles, chicken pox, mumps, rubella, scarlet fever, hand, foot and mouth disease, and so on. Especially in recent years, hand, foot and mouth disease and measles have increased, threatening the health and lives of children. It is important to know how to prevent pediatric infectious diseases and keep children healthy through the spring.
Common pediatric infectious diseases in the spring
1, rheumatic encephalitis: epidemic meningococcal meningitis for short, it is an acute respiratory infection caused by meningococcal bacteria, highly contagious. The initial onset of influenza is similar to a cold, runny nose, cough, headache, fever, etc.. After the germs enter the cerebrospinal fluid, the headache increases, and critical symptoms such as drowsiness, neck tonicity, jet-like vomiting and coma shock are observed. The source of infection is mainly patients or carriers, the transmission route is mainly direct airborne droplet transmission, the incubation period is generally 2-3 days, the longest for a week. The population is generally susceptible, mostly in children of young age.
2, measles: measles is an acute infectious disease caused by measles virus, incubation period of 8-12 days, the typical clinical symptoms can be summarized as “three, three, three”, that is, the prodromal period of 3 days: 3 days before the rash appears about 38 degrees of moderate fever, accompanied by cough, runny, tearful, photophobia, oral cheeks The rash period is 3 days: the body temperature rises to about 40 degrees on the 4th-5th day of the disease, and the red papular rash starts from the head and gradually spreads to the trunk, upper limbs and lower limbs; the recovery period is 3 days: 3-4 days after the rash, the body temperature gradually returns to normal, the rash begins to fade, and the skin is left with sugar bran-like flaking and brown pigmentation. Measles is transmitted through the respiratory droplet route, and the patient is the only source of infection. The patient is the only source of infection. After the disease, lasting immunity can be obtained, and a second attack is rare. The most common susceptibility of people who have not had measles and have not been vaccinated against measles, especially in young children aged 6 months to 5 years.
3, chickenpox: chickenpox is a highly contagious disease, caused by the herpes zoster virus. The typical clinical manifestation of chickenpox is a low to moderate fever, soon appearing in batches of red papules, which quickly develop into small, clear, oval-shaped blisters, which become cloudy and easily breakable after 24 hours, then dry and shrink from the center and quickly crust over. Clinically, papules, blisters and crusts are often present at the same time, with a centripetal distribution, i.e. first on the trunk, then on the head, face and limbs, but less on the hands and feet, and with a heavy pruritus. After receiving regular treatment, the disease is usually cured in 7-10 days if there is no co-infection. The source of infection is mainly the patient. The route of transmission is respiratory droplet infection and contact infection by contact with food utensils, toys, bedding and towels contaminated with chickenpox virus. The human population is generally susceptible, children are more common. Because the disease is highly contagious, patients must be isolated early, until all the rash dry crust
4. Mumps: An acute, systemic infection caused by the mumps virus. The typical clinical symptoms are fever, painful swelling of the cheeks under the ears and jaws, and swelling of the parotid gland characterized by the spread of the earlobe to the front, back and bottom, which can be complicated by meningoencephalitis, acute pancreatitis, etc. The source of infection is the mumps patient or the latent infected person, and the virus infects healthy people through droplets. Mostly seen in children and adolescents, the prognosis is good, with lasting immunity after the disease.
5, rubella: rubella is an acute respiratory infection caused by rubella virus, the beginning of the general only low fever and very mild cold symptoms. The rash appears 1 to 2 days after the onset of the disease and develops rapidly from the face to the whole body in just 1 day, the fever is the rash, the fever recedes and the rash also recedes, the lymph nodes behind the occiput, behind the ear and in the neck are swollen. People with rubella, people with rubella virus who have not developed the disease, and people with congenital rubella are the sources of infection. The disease can affect both children and adults and is contagious from 5 to 7 days before and 3 to 5 days after the onset of the disease, with the day of onset and the day before being the most contagious. Infection provides essentially permanent protection. Airborne droplet transmission is the main route of transmission of rubella, and close daily contact can also be contagious.
6. Scarlet fever: Scarlet fever is an acute respiratory infection caused mainly by group A streptococci. In the early stages, the pharynx is congested and the tonsils are red and swollen, and the symptoms are fever, sore throat, headache, nausea, and vomiting. The rash usually appears within 24 hours of fever, starting behind the ear, neck and upper chest, and spreading to the whole body within a day. The skin is flushed and bright red, with a rash the size of a pinhead, some of which resembles “goose bumps”. The face is flushed with blood but without a rash, while the lips around the mouth and the tip of the nose appear pale and the tongue papillae are red and swollen. Scarlet fever is mainly transmitted by respiratory droplets and occasionally by contact. The population is universally susceptible, with a high incidence in children and adolescents. Early diagnosis and proper treatment of the disease is the key.
7, hand, foot and mouth disease: hand, foot and mouth disease is a clinical syndrome caused by enterovirus infection, most cases have a mild clinical manifestation, with fever and rash or herpes on the hands, feet, mouth and other parts as the main features. In a few cases, respiratory and central nervous system damage occurs, causing encephalitis, myocarditis, pulmonary edema, flaccid paralysis and other symptoms, and individual children with severe disease progress rapidly, leading to death. There are more than 20 types of enteroviruses that cause HFMD, including coxsackievirus group A, enterovirus 71 (EV71), and certain serotypes of echovirus, etc. EV71 infection causes a greater proportion of severe cases. Adults who become infected generally do not develop the disease, but can transmit the virus to their children.
Preventive measures are important
1. More ventilation: Fresh air can remove excess moisture and dilute indoor pollutants. Windows should be opened regularly to keep the air circulating; let the sunlight into the room, because the ultraviolet rays of the sun have a sterilizing effect; vinegar can also be used to fumigate the room to disinfect the effect.
2. Wash hands diligently: infectious disease patients’ respiratory secretions such as snot, sputum, droplets and excreta contain a large number of pathogens, which may be transmitted to healthy people through hand contact with secretions and excreta, so special emphasis is placed on hand hygiene.
3, often drink water: especially in the dry climate, high dust content in the air, the human nasal mucosa is easily damaged, to drink more water, so that the nasal mucosa to keep moist, can effectively resist the invasion of viruses, but also conducive to the excretion of toxins in the body, purify the internal environment.
4, supplemental nutrition: appropriate to increase the intake of water and vitamins. Pay attention to supplement more fish, meat, eggs, milk and other foods with high nutritional value to enhance the immune function of the body; eat more fresh vegetables and fruits rich in vitamin C, which can neutralize toxins in the body, improve the ability to resist disease and enhance resistance.
5, reduce the stimulation of the respiratory tract: such as non-smoking, non-drinking, less spicy food, to reduce the stimulation of the respiratory tract.
6, avoid cold: when the body is cold, the respiratory tract vasoconstriction, blood supply is reduced, local resistance is reduced, and viruses are easy to invade.
7, adhere to physical exercise and cold exercise: appropriate to increase outdoor activities, because exercise can not only promote the body’s blood circulation, enhance cardiopulmonary function, is also a very beneficial exercise for our respiratory system.
8, pay attention to the regularity of life: to ensure adequate sleep. Irregularity in life tends to weaken the immune system; sufficient sleep can eliminate fatigue, regulate various functions of the body and enhance immunity.
9, strengthen personal hygiene and personal protection: pay attention to diligent hand washing, rinse mouth, do not touch the face, eyes, mouth and other parts with dirty hands. Try to stand in a place with clear air when you go out. Avoid going to crowded public places.
10. Early detection, early reporting and early treatment: When one or more respiratory symptoms such as fever, cough, difficulty in breathing and shortness of breath appear in yourself or others around you, you should go to the hospital and report to the relevant departments in a timely manner, and do not take it seriously, and do not take medicine indiscriminately by yourself, so as not to delay the diagnosis and treatment, which will delay you and may affect others.
11, vaccination: timely vaccination of people of the right age can effectively prevent many respiratory infectious diseases.
12, avoid going to crowded places: crowded places with poor air quality and insufficient ventilation, and the possibility of infectious diseases in crowded places is higher, so try to avoid going to crowded places, especially underground shopping malls with poor ventilation.