Uremia actually refers to the toxicity caused by the body’s inability to produce urine through the kidneys to excrete the waste and excess water produced by the body’s metabolism. Modern medicine considers uremia as a complex series of syndromes resulting from the disruption of the internal biochemical processes of the organism after the loss of kidney function. What are the symptoms of uremia? Water, electrolytes, acid-base metabolic disorders 1, metabolic acidosis chronic renal failure uremia phase of human metabolic acid products due to kidney excretion obstacles and retention, can occur “uremic acidosis”. In severe cases, there may be obvious loss of appetite, vomiting, weakness, deep and long breathing, etc. 2, water and sodium metabolism disorders mainly manifested as water and sodium retention, or hypovolemia and hyponatremia. Uremic patients with inappropriate water restriction can lead to excessive volume loading, and different degrees of subcutaneous edema (eyelids, both lower limbs) or/and fluid accumulation in the body cavity (chest cavity, abdominal cavity) are common, at which time elevated blood pressure, left heart insufficiency (manifested as chest tightness, decreased activity tolerance or even inability to lie down at night) and cerebral edema are likely to occur. 3, potassium metabolism disorder When the kidney function is impaired, the kidney’s ability to excrete potassium gradually decreases, and hyperkalemia is likely to occur at this time; severe hyperkalemia (serum potassium >6.5mmol/L) is dangerous and requires timely treatment and rescue, otherwise it is easy to endanger life. 4, calcium and phosphorus metabolism disorders mainly manifested as excessive phosphorus and calcium deficiency. Hyperphosphatemia can increase the calcium-phosphorus product and promote the deposition of calcium phosphate salts, causing ectopic calcification and lower blood calcium. The parathyroid glands compensate by secreting more PTH to maintain blood calcium. This leads to secondary hyperparathyroidism (referred to as hyperparathyroidism). Disturbances in protein, sugar, fat and vitamin metabolism Disturbances in protein metabolism in uremic patients are generally manifested by accumulation of protein metabolites (azotemia), including urea, guanidine compounds, creatinine, amines, indoles, phenols, and intermediate molecules. Urea is excreted by the kidneys, and the accumulation of urea in the body in uremia can cause weakness, anorexia, vomiting, inattention, decreased body temperature, and bleeding tendency. Abnormal glucose metabolism is mainly manifested by two conditions: hypoglycemia and hypoglycemia, with the former being more common and the latter less common. Hyperlipidemia is quite common, in which most patients present with mild to moderate hypertriglyceridemia and a few with mild hypercholesterolemia, or both. Disorders of vitamin metabolism are quite common, such as increased serum vitamin A levels, vitamin B6 and folic acid deficiency.