Uremia is the most severe stage of renal impairment and is therefore also known as end-stage renal failure. The normal structure of the kidney has been mostly destroyed, replaced by the proliferation of the matrix in the glomerular thylakoid area, so that too much matrix invades into the normal tissue and hardens the kidney tissue, and there is also proliferation of fibrous tissue in the interstitium, atrophy and collapse of the renal tubules, causing the whole kidney to contract, harden and shrink. What are the manifestations of the uremic phase? The discomfort of patients varies greatly, for example, some uremic patients have nausea. For example, some patients with uremia have nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, fatigue, restlessness, and even drowsiness and coma, while others have normal stools and urine, only a little fatigue and a feeling of fullness, do not pay attention to blood tests, and even misdiagnose other diseases. Because the symptoms of uremia are not unique, other diseases can also appear, the more characteristic manifestations are: 1, breathing with ammonia smell, often found by the surrounding people; 2, pale yellow face, uremic face, blood tests have anemia; 3, fatigue, weakness, low work capacity, heavy drowsiness or insomnia, sleep with restless limbs; 4, nausea, anorexia, heavy vomiting; 5, the amount of urine variable, there are more than In some cases, the volume of urine decreases, causing edema, heartbeat, shortness of breath, and difficulty in breathing when lying down; in some cases, the volume of urine increases, not only each time the volume of urine does not decrease, but also the number of urination has increased, especially at night, getting up several times to urinate. Why is this? It turns out that polyuria is also a sign of nephrosclerosis, because before the glomerulus towards disuse, the renal tubules first lesion, lesions in gradually aggravated, the renal tubules will lose the ability to reabsorb water (i.e., the ability to concentrate urine), this reabsorption ability to decline a little, the amount of urine discharged will increase a lot, however, eventually affect the glomerulus connected with it, gradually hardened, also lost filtration capacity, and finally less However, this eventually affects the glomerulus connected to it, and after it gradually hardens, it also loses its filtration capacity, and eventually it also urinates less DD without urine. Increased nocturia is a sign of nephrosclerosis and indicates that there is still some residual kidney function in uremia. The symptoms of uremia are so variable that its diagnosis depends on laboratory tests. Blood tests have a number of abnormalities, including retention of metabolic waste and acidosis, as well as electrolyte disorders, of which the common changes are: 1, blood creatinine ≥ 707.2 micromol/liter (i.e., 8 mg / dl), some too thin, long-term bedridden patients, the blood creatinine level is often low, for the sake of accuracy, creatinine clearance should be measured, often < 10 ml / min; 2, blood urea nitrogen ≥ 28.6 m 2, blood urea nitrogen ≥ 28.6 mol / l (i.e. 80 mg / dl), but there are too many factors affecting urea nitrogen, can not rely only on this to determine kidney function, for example, combined with gastrointestinal bleeding, lung infection, kidney function is not too poor, blood urea nitrogen can also be significantly higher, on the contrary, kidney function has been very poor, and the nutritional status is too poor, eating very little patients, blood urea nitrogen rise may not be significant. Therefore, this can only be used for reference; 3, carbon dioxide binding capacity <20 mmol / l, most of them lower, this indicates acidosis, the lower the value, the more serious acidosis, also indicates the seriousness of the disease, is a doctor attaches great importance to a laboratory test; 4, blood phosphorus rise (more than 1.45 mmol in adults), the total amount of calcium in the blood of adults is often less than 2.55 mmol / l. Because of the mutual regulation of the body, sometimes the blood calcium does not decrease, but there is still a rise in blood phosphorus, high blood phosphorus often accompanied by untreated uremic patients, deserves attention.
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