I. Renal failure and its related pre-symptoms.
Renal failure is caused by various chronic kidney diseases resulting in progressive renal function decrements and eventually develops. There are many diseases that cause kidney failure, including primary glomerulonephritis, chronic pyelonephritis, tubulointerstitial nephropathy, hereditary nephritis, polycystic kidney, etc. Others are kidney damage secondary to systemic diseases, such as: lupus nephropathy, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive renal small artery sclerosis, nodular polyarteritis nephropathy, multiple myeloma nephropathy, kidney diseases caused by various drugs and heavy metals, etc.; in addition: urinary tract obstructive nephropathy such as stones, prostatic hypertrophy, neurogenic bladder, urethral stricture, etc.
In the initial stage of renal failure, there are usually no symptoms. That’s why it is very important to perform routine urine and blood tests. When the kidney lesion progresses, the patient’s symptoms of the disease will be more obvious.
The common ones are
1. Physical discomfort
Due to the accumulation of toxins and wastes in the body, the patient may feel unwell. Symptoms include nausea, vomiting, poor sleep at night, lack of appetite, itching and fatigue.
2. Swelling
Some patients may experience swelling. Decreased urine output and frequent urination (especially at night). Swelling of the hands, feet and ankles. Other symptoms include shortness of breath, swelling around the eyes, etc.
3.Anemia
Due to impaired kidney function, the body cannot produce enough hormones needed to make red blood cells, thus producing anemia. People with anemia often feel cold and tired.
Other symptoms of the disease are: hematuria (tea-colored or blood-red), high blood pressure, foam in urine, diarrhea, extreme thirst, restless sleep, or drowsiness, decreased libido, etc.
Second, how to pre-treat kidney failure
How to prevent chronic renal failure? The key is to control the primary disease well. The most common primary disease is chronic glomerulonephritis, accounting for about 50-60%. Others are chronic pyelonephritis, lupus nephritis, urinary tract stones, diabetic nephropathy, hypertensive renal artery stenosis, drug toxic nephropathy, etc. It is important to pay attention to and actively treat these diseases that may cause chronic renal failure.
In the treatment of pyelonephritis it is important to use antimicrobials that are indeed effective and a full course of treatment (2 weeks for acute pyelonephritis and 2 months for chronic pyelonephritis), combined with antimicrobials. Nephrotoxic drugs (e.g. streptomycin) should be avoided when using drugs.
Because the kidney has a strong compensatory function, sometimes the kidney has been seriously damaged, renal function is reduced, but in the compensatory phase, the kidney itself lacks pain nerves, and sometimes some important information is ignored resulting in delayed disease.
Third, what is good for kidney failure patients to eat?
The dietary considerations for kidney failure patients are strict, generally low salt, low fat, high quality protein diet as the basic principle.
The following common dietary therapy can be referred to.
1, take 30 grams of astragalus wrapped in gauze, aubergine chicken half or keel appropriate amount, add water and stew, about 2-3 hours, go to the gauze medicine bag, eat meat and drink soup. Astragalus has a beneficial effect on Qi, water and swelling and improve immune function, and is commonly used in Chinese medicine to treat kidney failure with spleen and kidney deficiency.
2, black fungus and white fungus 15 grams each, soak and add water to stew, add a small amount of sugar to taste. This product can benefit the kidney and nourish the blood, and is especially suitable for those with kidney failure accompanied by anemia; however, due to the high potassium content of fungus, it should be used with caution for patients with low urine and impaired potassium excretion.
3, mung bean coat or mung bean boiled juice, has a diuretic detoxification effect, used for limb swelling is better.
4, urine less people can use corn husk or white mullein and other infusion as tea, but pay attention to control the amount of entry.
However, if renal failure, urine volume less than 1500ml/24 hours, accompanied by high blood potassium patients, diet should pay particular attention to avoid intake of high potassium foods or fruits, such as red dates, Ganoderma lucidum, shiitake mushrooms, black fungus, orange, banana, etc. Some
Patients should even be cautious with herbal tonics that contain high potassium.
Foods with high potassium content include citrus, red dates, grapes, cauliflower, soybeans, black beans, spinach, potatoes, etc. Poultry, fish and lean meat are also high in potassium. Foods high in purines include lentils, spinach, coffee, animal offal, etc. Vitamins are indispensable nutrients in various physiological processes of the body. Foods rich in vitamin C include fresh vegetables and fruits. Foods rich in vitamin A include egg yolk, cod liver oil, cream, animal liver and plant foods rich in carotenoids, such as lettuce leaves, carrots, tomatoes, sweet potatoes, etc. Foods rich in vitamin E include cabbage, lettuce, vegetable oil, etc. Foods rich in vitamin B include cereals, animal liver, meat, fish, poultry, eggs, beans, and dairy products.
4. Whether a relative kidney transplant can be performed
According to information, kidney transplantation by relatives has more advantages than kidney transplantation by unrelated cadavers. Firstly, the success rate is high, more than 95%, secondly, the tissue mating compatibility is high, the rejection reaction is small, less immunosuppressive drugs are taken, in addition, the kidney transplantation between relatives can take some pretreatment to prevent the occurrence of rejection. In addition, some pretreatment can be taken to prevent the occurrence of rejection, which is more conducive to the safety of the surgery.
Despite this, less than 1% of kidney donations are from relatives in China, and the total number of cases is around 100. A prominent problem is that some patients who cannot wait for a long time for a kidney transplant due to economic reasons will consider a relative transplant. Although experts emphasize that relative kidney transplantation does not have much impact on the donor itself, patients and their relatives still have more concerns about relative kidney transplantation, because transplantation failure or other problems will often involve two people or even two families, which is a huge psychological test and test of stress resistance for patients and their families.
The development of kinship kidney transplantation also depends to some extent on the increased awareness of people. In addition, the possibility of performing a relative kidney transplant depends on the health condition of the donor and the blood type and other indicators, such as age below 55 years old, relatively healthy, no underlying kidney disease, etc.
V. What drugs are nephrotoxic?
The main drugs that can damage the kidney are as follows.
1, antibiotics and other chemotherapeutic drugs: frequent damage: amphotericin B, neomycin, head-holding penicillin II, etc.; more frequent damage: gentamicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, tobramycin, butamycin, polymyxin, vancomycin, sulfonamides, etc.; occasional damage: neomycin (Ⅰ, Ⅱ, Ⅲ), ammonia and other penicillin, carbenicillin, chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, head-holding penicillin (Ⅳ, Ⅴ, VI), rifampin, rifampin, rifampin, rifampin, rifampin, rifampin, etc. (IV, V, VI), rifampin, ethambutol, etc.
2.Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory and analgesic drugs: anti-inflammatory pain, ibuprofen, pau taisong, inflammation pain Xikang, aspirin, compound aspirin (APC), finasteride, antipyrine, aminopyrine, paracetamol and metronidazole, etc.
3.Tumor chemotherapy drugs: cisplatin, aminopterin, glowing mycotoxin, mitomycin-C, nitrosoureas, 5-fluorouracil, etc.
4.Anti-epileptic drugs: trimethoprim, phenytoin sodium, etc.
5.Anesthetics: ethyl ether, methoxyflurane, etc.
6.Metal and complexing agents: penicillamine, etanercept, etc.
7.Various angiographic agents.
8.Other: cyclomycin A, metacyclomiphene, allopurinol, mannitol, mercurial, heroin, low molecular dextrose, etc.
Six, protect the kidneys small reminder.
Do not take drugs indiscriminately: many painkillers, cold medicines and herbal medicines are nephrotoxic.
Be careful with recurrent tonsillitis: streptococcal infection can easily cause kidney disease.
Drink water reasonably without holding urine: urine is retained in the bladder, which tends to multiply bacteria and indirectly infect the kidneys.
Control diabetes and hypertension: poorly controlled blood pressure and blood sugar cause hardening of blood vessels, leading to kidney disease.
Urinary stones: stones tend to cause hydronephrosis and obstructive nephropathy.
Regular checkups: It is better to do urine and kidney function checkups every six months to a year, especially when women are pregnant, they should monitor urine routine and kidney function.