When women have frequent and painful urination, the possible causes are: 1. Infection of the urinary system, when acute urethritis and cystitis occur, patients can have obvious symptoms of frequent urination, painful urination, and accompanied by lower abdominal cramps and discomfort, a sense of incomplete urination, or waist pain and fever and other accompanying symptoms. Urine should be collected for further routine urine tests and urine culture tests. If a large number of white blood cells are seen in the routine urine examination or if pathogenic bacteria are visible in the culture, the diagnosis of frequent and painful urination due to infection can be confirmed.2. Stones in the urinary system can also cause frequent and painful urination. The site where the stone is located can produce irritating pain that can radiate to the lower abdomen and lower back pain. And stones can cause irritating urinary frequency, patients appear to urinate more frequently, etc. It is recommended to have an ultrasound examination of the urinary system to rule out urinary stones.