The choice of kidney cancer treatment modality needs to be decided based on the tumor stage and whether the patient can tolerate surgery. At present, surgical resection is still the best choice for kidney cancer patients’ treatment and the only possible means of cure. In early stage kidney cancer, it is possible to remove only the tumor and preserve the normal part of the kidney, i.e. kidney unit preserving surgery, which is a revolutionary advancement in kidney surgery. Renal unit preserving surgery can achieve the same efficacy as radical nephrectomy within its surgical indications, and can significantly improve the patient’s quality of life after surgery. What kind of patients can choose kidney unit preserving surgery? One situation is that a kidney cancer patient is born with only one kidney and the only kidney has kidney cancer; or although there are two kidneys, one of them has lost its function and the kidney cancer happens to grow on the functioning kidney; another situation is that if the whole kidney is cut, it will lead to kidney insufficiency or uremia and the patient needs dialysis treatment. In addition, partial nephrectomy can be performed as long as the anatomical site is appropriate and allows the preservation of the kidney unit. Especially with the development of technology and improvement of surgical instruments, minimally invasive laparoscopic techniques have become the main method of renal surgical treatment. We can predict the exact location and interrelationship of tumor and blood vessels through various preoperative means, such as renal angiography, 3D reconstruction technology, etc., to ensure the accuracy and integrity of surgical resection. The most common postoperative complication is bleeding from the trauma, but of course the chance of occurrence is not high. Most of them can be relieved by conservative treatment, but a few patients need interventional embolization or secondary surgical treatment. Laparoscopic surgery has become the main mode of kidney tumor resection, which greatly reduces the patient’s pain and also has the advantages of fast postoperative recovery, minimal abdominal adhesions, small abdominal wall scars, and reduced patient’s hospital stay.