With more and more pet owners around, questions about the rabies vaccine are often asked. The following questions have you encountered? Do you know the norms for handling them?1. What kinds of rabies vaccines are there? What are the differences? China now uses refined VERO cell rabies vaccine and refined gopher kidney cell rabies vaccine; both are inactivated vaccines. In addition to the rabies vaccine, for severe animal bites, rabies antiserum and rabies immunoglobulin (HRIG), which are passive immunization agents used to neutralize the rabies virus for rapid protection, are also required. The main component of rabies antisera is immunoglobulin; rabies antisera and rabies immunoglobulin can sometimes be viewed as synonymous, but they are of different origins. Antiserum is a heterologous serum, purity is not very high, many people have allergic reactions, so it is necessary to do a skin test; if it is positive, it can only be injected a small number of times with desensitization therapy, which is time-consuming, and may cause serum sickness, with heavy side effects.HRIG is homologous in its origin, has no allergic reaction, so it is not necessary to do a skin test, and it has a reliable safety, high potency, good stability, and freeze-dried product with an effective period of up to three years, in addition to the occurrence of local pain and low fever. Except for occasional local pain and low fever, there is no serum sickness and other adverse reactions, but the price is more expensive. 2. When do I need to receive rabies vaccine and antivenom at the same time and what are the precautions? Exposure level is high to be vaccinated. Rabies exposure is categorized into three levels according to the mode of contact and level of exposure. (1) Contact with or feeding of animals or licking of intact skin is classified as level I. (2) Licking of bare skin is classified as level II. (2) A light bite on exposed skin, or a minor scratch or abrasion without bleeding is class II. (3) Single or multiple penetrating skin bites or scratches, or broken skin being licked, or open wounds or contaminated mucous membranes are Class III. If a person is recognized as a Class II exposed person and is immunocompromised, or if a Class II exposure is located on the head or face and the animal causing the injury cannot be determined to be healthy, the person shall be treated as a Class III exposure. Post-exposure vaccine immunization must be combined with antiserum for those judged to have a Class III exposure. Vaccination on the day of injury should be combined with localized infiltration and intramuscular injection of anti-rabies serum (40 IU/kg body weight) or rabies immunoglobulin (20 IU/kg body weight) into the bite wound. If anti-rabies serum or immunoglobulin is used in combination, 2-3 injections must be given after the full vaccination, i.e. 1 injection on the 15th and 75th day or 10th, 20th and 90th day after the full vaccination. 3. Can children undergoing immunization be vaccinated against rabies? Yes. Children undergoing scheduled immunization can receive rabies vaccine according to normal immunization procedures. During the period of rabies vaccination, children can also receive other vaccines according to the normal immunization procedures, but priority is given to the rabies vaccine. 4. Does rabies vaccine have to be given within 24 hours of being bitten by a rabid dog or a suspected rabid dog in order to be effective? In principle, the earlier the vaccination, the better the effect. As long as before the vaccine takes effect, that is, before the vaccine stimulates the body to produce enough immunity, the vaccine can play a role, the exposure has been days and months and for various reasons have not been vaccinated against rabies, as long as the vaccine can be obtained, should be given as soon as possible with the newly exposed people to supplement the injection, and strive to grab the onset of disease to let the vaccine play a role, at this time, the previous injection or the first two injections of the vaccine should be doubled. 5, not the process of vaccination. 5. What should I do if I am a day or several days late in getting the vaccine and do I need to follow the procedure again? It is not necessary to follow the procedure again, but the vaccination schedule needs to be adjusted. Correct vaccination according to the procedure is very crucial for the body to produce anti-rabies immunity. When a certain injection is delayed for one day or several days, the vaccination time of the subsequent injections will be postponed according to the interval of the original immunization procedure after the delay. 6. Can different brands of rabies vaccines be mixed, and can domestic and imported vaccines be mixed? The same brand of vaccine should be used as far as possible. According to the regulations, the same brand of rabies vaccine should be used as much as possible to complete the whole vaccination. If this is not possible, the use of different brands of qualified rabies vaccine should continue to complete the full vaccination in accordance with the original program, in principle, the patient shall not bring rabies vaccine to a different place for injection. However, it has been clinically observed that mixing different brands of vaccines will not affect its preventive effect.7. What are the injection sites and precautions for vaccination? The injection site for adults is intramuscular injection in the deltoid muscle of the upper arm. Infants and children under 2 years old can be injected in the anterolateral thigh muscle. Injection into the buttocks is prohibited. Mild reactions such as redness or mild hardness may occur at the injection site, and fever is rare. Those who have allergic reactions can be treated with appropriate anti-allergy therapy. Those who are allergic to streptomycin and neomycin should be cautious, and avoid alcohol, cola, coffee, strong tea and stimulating food during the vaccination process, steroids and immunosuppressants can lead to vaccination failure and should be used with caution. 8. How to get rabies vaccine if I am bitten by an animal again during the vaccination period? Differentiate according to the time of re-bite. Wound treatment should be done first, promptly and thoroughly after any exposure. In general, the level of antibodies in the body can be maintained for at least 1 year after the full course of rabies vaccination. If re-exposure occurs during the immunization process, then continue to follow the original procedures to complete the full vaccination, without the need to increase the dose; full immunization within six months after re-exposure generally do not need to re-immunization; full immunization after half a year to one year after re-exposure, should be 0 and 3 days of each dose of vaccine; in the 1-3 years after re-exposure, should be 0, 3, 7 days of each dose of vaccine; more than 3 years of the person should be Full vaccination should be given to those who have been exposed for more than 3 years. Passive immunization preparation injection: according to the pre-exposure (post-exposure) program has completed the full vaccination against rabies (cell culture vaccine), no longer need to use passive immunization preparation. 9, by the routine vaccination of the dog bites need to be injected with rabies vaccine? Required. Even if the animal is up to date on its annual rabies vaccination, a person bitten by the animal still needs to be vaccinated against rabies. Because the protection rate of rabies vaccination is not 100%, there may still be cases of rabies virus, so after being bitten by a dog that has been vaccinated against rabies, you still need to be vaccinated against rabies on time. 10: Do I need to take rabies vaccine for a human bite? Not necessarily. The host animals of rabies include: all warm-blooded mammals, including people. When a person is bitten by an animal with rabies, the virus in the saliva of the animal reaches the center of the brain along the nervous system, reproduces in it, and causes a person to have a disease, and only after the disease, the virus will be dispersed to the human saliva and other glands. Therefore, even if a person is bitten by a dog but does not develop an illness, there is no rabies virus in his glands. Further, a person only needs to be vaccinated against rabies if he or she is bitten by a rabid person who has developed the disease. If one is certain that he or she was not bitten by a rabid person, he or she does not need a rabies vaccine. Although rabies vaccine may not be needed for a human bite, there are more than 1,000 types of bacteria in the human mouth, so special attention should be paid to infection when treating human bite wounds. 11. Can pregnant women get rabies vaccine? Pregnant women can also take rabies vaccine. According to the instruction manual of human rabies vaccine issued by the State Drug Administration in 2000 and the 2009 edition of Rabies Exposure Prevention and Disposal Code, there is no contraindication for immunization after exposure. Theoretically, none of the components of the rabies vaccine affects the chromosomes of human germ cells, endangers humans at the genetic level, or affects the mental development or physical development of the embryo or fetus. Current research indicates that qualified rabies vaccines do not adversely affect pregnant women or affect the fetus. The rabies vaccine is an inactivated virus vaccine, and the inactivated virus cannot pass through the placental barrier, so it will not cause any abnormality in the fetus; the current studies conducted both at home and abroad have not found that the rabies vaccine causes miscarriage, preterm labor, or teratogenicity. However, Article 26 of the 2009 version of the “Rabies Exposure Prevention and Handling Regulations” also stipulates that “Pre-exposure immunization can be postponed as appropriate for pregnant women, people suffering from acute febrile illnesses, allergic bodies, and people using steroids and immunosuppressants”. What is meant by discretion? My understanding is that if it can be ruled out that the injured animal belongs to a rabies-affected species, then it can be exempted from vaccination; if not, it is still necessary to be vaccinated for safety.