Cardiac surgery can be performed in two ways: medical transvascular interventions and surgical open-heart endocardial surgery under direct vision. Internal transcatheter interventions: interventions such as precordial occlusion, coronary angiography and stenting, and radiofrequency ablation can be performed in a minimally invasive manner.1 In precordial occlusion (e.g., atrial septal defect), a delivery device is introduced through a femoral vein puncture to the right atrium, and then sent through the septal defect to the left atrium, where the first side of the blocker is opened, and the second side of the blocker is opened after backdrawing the blocker to the septal defect. The first blocker is opened and the second blocker is opened after backdrawing the blocker to the septal defect. The blocker is then separated from the delivery device.2 During coronary angiography and stenting, the stent is delivered to the lesion through a catheter guidewire under the guidance of a contrast image via a radial or femoral artery puncture site, and the stent is fixed to the inner wall of the lesion using relevant techniques to achieve blood flow recanalization and salvage of the necrotic myocardium.3 Radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation or tachycardia, and pacemaker implantation can also be performed under minimally invasive procedures. The implantation of pacemakers can also be performed minimally invasively. Surgical open-heart intracardiac surgery: Valve replacement and heart bypass surgery are mostly performed under open-heart conditions. During surgery, an artificial heart-lung machine with extracorporeal circulation is used to simulate the work of the heart and lungs, while the patient’s own heart stops beating and the surgeon performs the surgery on the stopped heart. The advantages and disadvantages of both medical transvascular intervention and surgical open-heart endocardial surgery are determined by the patient’s condition.