Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer: Previously known as superficial bladder cancer, it accounts for 70% of primary bladder tumors and surgery is the main treatment. Surgical treatment: 1. Transurethral resection of bladder tumor Transurethral resection of bladder tumor is not only an important diagnostic method for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, but also the main treatment. The exact pathological grading and staging of bladder tumors need to be determined based on the pathological findings after the first TURBT. Transurethral resection of bladder tumors has two objectives: first, to remove the entire tumor visible to the naked eye, and second, to remove tissue for pathologic grading and staging.TURBT should completely remove the tumor until the normal bladder wall musculature is exposed. After tumor removal, basal tissue biopsy is recommended to facilitate pathological staging and determination of next treatment plan. 2.Transurethral laser surgery Laser surgery can coagulate or vaporize, and its efficacy and recurrence rate are similar to those of transurethral surgery, which requires tumor biopsy for pathological diagnosis. 2μm continuous laser energy is completely absorbed by water in the tissue to achieve vaporization and cutting, which can be used to accurately vaporize and cut all layers of the bladder wall without affecting the pathological staging of the tumor, and has been reported for the treatment of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. Bladder cancer. Other treatment options: (1) photodynamic therapy; (2) partial cystectomy; (3) radical cystectomy. Postoperative adjuvant therapy: Non-muscle invasive bladder cancer has a high rate of postoperative recurrence after TURBT, and a small proportion of patients may even progress to muscle invasive bladder cancer. TURBT surgery alone for carcinoma in situ does not address the high postoperative recurrence rate and disease progression. Therefore, postoperative adjuvant bladder perfusion therapy, including bladder perfusion chemotherapy and bladder perfusion immunotherapy, is recommended for all patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer. 1. Commonly used drugs for bladder perfusion: pirarubicin, epirubicin, doxorubicin, hydroxycamptothecin, mitomycin, and gemcitabine can also be used for bladder perfusion chemotherapy; 2. Commonly used drugs for immunotherapy: BCG vaccine, others include interferon, keyhole worm Chi-blood blue protein, etc. Follow-up: In the follow-up of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer, cystoscopy is still the gold standard and biopsy and pathology should be performed once abnormalities are detected. Ultrasonography, urinary exfoliative cytology, IVU, etc. also have some value, but they cannot completely replace the status and role of cystoscopy. The first cystoscopy is recommended for all patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer at 3 months postoperatively, but it can be appropriately advanced if there is incomplete surgical resection and rapid tumor development, and subsequent follow-ups are decided according to the risk of recurrence and progression of bladder cancer. For high-risk patients, cystoscopy is recommended every 3 months for the first 2 years, every 6 months from the third year, and once a year from the fifth year until lifetime; for low-risk patients, if the first cystoscopy is negative, a second cystoscopy is recommended at 1 year after surgery, and then once a year until the fifth year; for intermediate-risk patients, the follow-up plan is in between, based on individual prognostic factors and the general condition of the patient. In the event of recurrence during follow-up, the post-treatment follow-up protocol is restarted as described above.