Radical total nephroureterectomy with cystectomy: The gold standard of treatment for ureteral cancer in all locations. The surgical procedure must strictly adhere to the principle of anaplasia, and the urinary tract must not be incised during surgery to prevent tumor implantation. There are several techniques to remove the distal ureter, and a few of them simplify the removal of the distal ureter, including stripping, transurethral wall segmental ureter resection, and decortication. Current findings suggest that several techniques, with the exception of ureteral stripping, are comparable to cystic sleeve resection. In highly staged ureteral carcinoma, performing lymph node dissection has therapeutic implications and contributes to accurate staging. Radical total nephroureterectomy with cystic sleeve resection can be performed laparoscopically, and current findings confirm that tumor control is as effective as open surgery. It also has the advantage of less trauma and faster recovery. However, because of the increased risk of tumor spillage under pneumoperitoneal conditions, care must be taken during laparoscopic surgery to: avoid access to the urinary tract; avoid direct contact of instruments with the tumor; the procedure must be performed in a closed system, avoid cutting the tumor, and use a specimen bag when removing the specimen; the kidney, ureter, and bladder sleeve resection specimen must be removed intact; and infiltrative, large, or multifocal tumors are generally a relative contraindication to laparoscopy. Conservative treatment: Conservative treatment for low-risk ureteral cancer patients can preserve renal function and avoid the complications associated with open radical surgery. It is suitable for patients with renal insufficiency and isolated kidney as well as some patients with low stage and low grade. The choice of surgical modality is based on a combination of technical conditions, tumor location and surgeon’s experience. These include ureteroscopic ablation of the tumor, partial ureterectomy and percutaneous puncture surgery.