With the increasing awareness of health checkups and the development of imaging technology, the detection rate of asymptomatic incidental kidney cancer has been greatly improved compared with the past. For kidney cancer, many people believe that radical surgery by removing the kidney and its surrounding tissues is the only reliable method. However, for some patients with isolated kidney, double kidney tumors, and damaged contralateral kidney, removing the kidney where the tumor is located will mean facing adverse consequences such as renal insufficiency and uremia after surgery, and the quality of life will be seriously affected. Patients are often faced with a dilemma. Many recent studies have shown that for some early stage, small (less than 4 cm in diameter) kidney cancers located on the surface of the kidney, renal unit preserving surgery is performed to remove the tumor and the surrounding 5 mm of kidney tissue to maximize the preservation of the remaining normal kidney units. Compared with radical nephrectomy, there is no significant difference in postoperative survival rate, local recurrence rate, and distant metastasis rate. With the development of laparoscopic technology, laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is used in clinical treatment of kidney cancer. Laparoscopic partial nephrectomy can be divided into transabdominal and retroperitoneal according to the surgical access, and retroperitoneal laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is suitable for tumors in the dorsal and lateral back of the kidney. The transperitoneal route, with large operation space and clear anatomical levels, is conducive to resection of renal cancer located ventrally and invading deeper into the renal parenchyma; retroperitoneal laparoscopy can rapidly and directly reveal the renal hilum and large blood vessels, which is conducive to intraoperative control; in addition, because it does not interfere with the abdominal cavity, it greatly reduces the occurrence of postoperative intestinal obstruction and intestinal adhesions. Compared with developmental surgery and transabdominal laparoscopic surgery, the retroperitoneal route has the advantages of less surgical injury, less blood loss, faster postoperative recovery and shorter hospital stay.