Posterior mediastinal esophageal cyst is a space-occupying lesion that occurs in the posterior mediastinal esophagus. The causes of posterior mediastinal esophageal cysts are mainly related to congenital developmental abnormalities, bacterial infections, and abnormal proliferation of tissues in the posterior mediastinum. Esophageal cysts compress blood vessels and nerves in the posterior mediastinum, producing clinical symptoms such as insufficient blood supply to the lung tissues, chest tightness and shortness of breath, dyspnea, dysphagia, and anterior chest and back pain. The esophagus is located in the posterior mediastinum, and esophageal cysts are occupying lesions occurring in the posterior mediastinum, with a variety of causes and different clinical manifestations, and patients may go to different departments in the course of treatment, so it is recommended that patients consult a doctor in time, and after clarifying the cause of the disease, carry out targeted treatment.