Congenital hemolytic anemia refers to the disease of increased destruction of red blood cells caused by congenital genetic factors, including thalassemia, hereditary spherocytosis, hereditary ellipsoid erythrocytosis and other diseases. 1. Thalassemia is a disease caused by hereditary gene defects resulting in impaired synthesis of bead proteins, which can be manifested as different degrees of hemolytic anemia, with mild anemia in milder cases, and severe hemolysis in severe cases, which can be life-threatening. Treatment includes blood transfusion support therapy, iron removal therapy (desferrioxamine) and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. 2. Hereditary spherocytosis and hereditary elliptocytosis are caused by genetic defects in the red blood cell membrane, resulting in spherical or elliptical red blood cells, which have increased brittleness and are easily destroyed in the spleen and hemolysis occurs. The most effective treatment for this type of disease is splenectomy. Patients with congenital hemolytic anemia need to go to the hematology department in time, and under the guidance of the doctor, they should be actively treated after the specific disease is clarified.