More than 80% of solid tumors in the kidney are renal cell carcinoma, while benign tumors are mostly vascular smooth muscle lipomas and eosinophilic tumors. Clear cell carcinoma is the most common pathological type of renal cell carcinoma, which accounts for about 90% of renal cell carcinoma according to the statistics from the Department of Urology of North University Hospital. Other pathological types of kidney cancer include multifoveal cystic renal cell carcinoma, papillary renal cell carcinoma, and suspicious cell carcinoma. Early stage kidney cancer is mostly detected by physical examination. There are no obvious symptoms in the early stage of kidney cancer, and if patients develop back pain, hematuria and abdominal mass, it often indicates that the disease has developed to advanced stage. Most kidney tumors can be detected by ultrasound and other imaging examinations during medical checkups. When problems are found by ultrasound, enhanced CT examination can be performed to further clarify the nature and stage of the tumor, and also provide necessary anatomical details for surgical treatment. At present, more than half of the patients with early stage kidney cancer are found through physical examination. Patients with early stage kidney cancer have better prognosis, and the survival rate of 5 years after surgery can reach about 90%. The causes of kidney cancer are complex and related to genetic and environmental factors. The identified risk factors include smoking, hypertension and obesity. Due to the insidious nature of kidney cancer, regular annual medical checkups and early detection are very important. It is especially worth mentioning that although the early symptoms are not obvious, some patients will develop paraneoplastic syndrome, which is also a characteristic of kidney cancer. About 1/5 of kidney cancer patients will have extra-renal symptoms such as increased blood sedimentation, increased blood pressure, fever, weight loss, anemia, increased blood calcium and abnormal liver function. If these extra-renal manifestations are encountered, it is also necessary to raise the alert of kidney tumor. Surgery is the preferred treatment method In terms of treatment, since kidney cancer is not sensitive to radiotherapy and the efficiency is low, radiotherapy is generally not recommended for patients. Currently, surgery is the main treatment modality for kidney cancer and the only means that has the potential to cure the disease radically. For early stage limited tumor, radical nephrectomy and kidney preservation surgery can be chosen according to the size, location, growth type and relationship with large blood vessels of kidney. For early stage kidney cancer, laparoscopic minimally invasive surgery has become mainstream in large cities’ tertiary hospitals, with less trauma and faster recovery. For example, in the Department of Urology, patients can be discharged in 3~5 days after laparoscopic nephrectomy surgery. If there is no metastasis, regular postoperative review is sufficient and no further treatment is generally recommended. Patients with intermediate stage renal cancer show local progression of the tumor, which may invade the renal pelvis, perirenal fat and even the renal vein and inferior vena cava, and surgery is also required at this time. If the tumor embolus and tumor are completely removed, the prognosis of patients is generally reasonable, with a 5-year survival rate of about 40%. Some patients already have metastasis when kidney cancer is found, in this case, they usually need to undergo subtractive nephrectomy as well. Removing the tumor and then treating the metastasis is better than treating it directly without removing the tumor. When the primary tumor of kidney is removed, the metastatic lesions of very few patients will show spontaneous regression. Easy recurrence is one of the characteristics of kidney cancer. Overseas studies have shown that 20% to 40% of patients with limited kidney cancer will recur and metastasize after surgery. Once recurrence or metastasis occurs, the prognosis of patients is poor, and the 5-year survival rate is less than 10%. Because of this, kidney cancer is still the most dangerous malignant tumor among urological tumors. Patients with kidney cancer should be examined regularly after surgery, once every three to six months within two years, once every six months for three to four years, and once a year for more than five years. The examination items include blood and urine routine, liver and kidney function tests, urological ultrasound and chest X-ray, etc. Lung and lymph node metastasis are more common after kidney cancer surgery. For patients with high risk of recurrence, chest CT or abdominal CT examination can be performed again. Targeted drugs can be chosen in late stage Another characteristic of kidney cancer is that metastasis is uncertain. In addition to the most common metastatic sites of malignant tumors such as lymph nodes, lung, liver and bone, it may also metastasize to rare sites such as gallbladder, bladder and skin. In short, metastasis may occur in all organs and tissues of the body. Unlike other malignant tumors, where the primary lesion increases and then metastasizes to other parts of the body, kidney cancer sometimes does not have obvious primary lesions, but the metastases are more serious. For patients with metastatic kidney cancer with distant metastasis or lymph node metastasis, in addition to traditional drug treatments such as interferon and interleukin, the emergence of targeted therapy drugs provides patients with new treatment options. Since renal clear cell carcinoma tumor is rich in blood vessels, inhibiting VEGFR and PDGFR can reduce tumor blood vessels and “starve” tumor cells, so targeted drugs are more effective in this type. At present, the first-line targeted drugs are sunitinib and sorafenib, and the second-line drug is everolimus, which is mainly used in cases of non-clear cell carcinoma and tumor pathology with higher malignancy. Taking sunitinib as an example, nearly 80% of patients can benefit from it. Among them, about 1% of patients have complete remission, i.e. metastatic lesions disappear completely; about 30% of patients can have partial reduction of metastatic lesions; about 50% of patients maintain stable disease and maintain the original status of lesions. Data from the study showed that the median progression-free survival after targeted therapy for patients with advanced disease can reach about 11 months, compared with about 5 months with conventional interferon therapy. Currently, targeted drugs can extend the survival of patients to a certain extent, but the 5-year survival rate for patients with advanced disease is still not satisfactory.