Smoking is the most important factor that triggers lung cancer, and secondhand smoke also increases the risk of lung cancer. Each year, more people die from lung cancer than from breast cancer, bowel cancer and prostate cancer combined. As a result, medical doctors around the world have invested heavily in lung cancer research and treatment. Treatment trends: Individualized treatment has become the leading direction In the past, lung cancer was regarded as a single disease. Nowadays, lung cancer treatment has moved to a new era of molecular typing, and individualized treatment under the guidance of biomarkers will become the development direction of lung cancer treatment. Understanding more molecular pathways that lead to tumor invasion, growth and metastasis will lead to blocking this pathway of cancer; more new pathways will be adopted to treat patients and benefit more patients. It is easy to see that one of the main directions of current research is to try to replace more toxic regimens with less toxic ones, such as targeted therapy instead of chemotherapy. Typically, the main treatments for lung cancer are surgery, radiation and traditional chemotherapy. With the advent of targeted drugs, there is hope for survival for patients who have lost the chance of surgery or failed chemotherapy. Compared with the traditional chemotherapy, which is to kill a thousand by mistake but not to spare one, targeted therapy works directly on tumor cells by inhibiting tumor cell epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) to kill tumor cells and significantly improve patients’ quality of life. Previously, a clinical treatment study conducted by experts from the Chinese Thoracic Oncology Collaborative Group confirmed that the use of first-line targeted drugs to treat non-small cell lung cancer patients with mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor activity can improve patients’ survival time without disease progression by nearly three times compared to conventional chemotherapy. The EURTAC study, published by Western medical experts, confirmed similar results. The fact that studies in the East and West have produced the same results is a major success of clinical pathway research. Not only can individualized treatment bring benefits to patients in terms of efficacy, the associated costs can be further reduced. Based on this, some regions in China, such as Guangzhou, have included new targeted drugs for lung cancer in their medical insurance to help more patients with the indicated disease to get the right drug as soon as possible and to reduce the cost of treatment for patients. It is difficult to detect lung cancer at an early stage by chest X-ray alone, and it is recommended that chest CT should be preferred for physical examination of high-risk people. There is an old Chinese saying that “the upper medicine treats the untreated disease”, and it is the best to prevent the disease. But unfortunately, we are still struggling in cancer prevention today because it is very difficult to change many things, such as quitting smoking. Lung cancer is very much related to smoking, smoking by yourself, second-hand smoke, third-hand smoke, all related, but the number of smokers in China is still huge and poorly controlled. The increase of female lung cancer patients is related to passive smoking. In addition, as housewives, women are often exposed to grease and smoke, which also increases the risk of lung cancer. Studies have confirmed that the following risk factors are closely related to the development of lung cancer: Smoking: It is the most important factor in the development of lung cancer. In most countries around the world, 90% of lung cancers are caused by smoking; secondhand smoke: about 25% of non-small cell lung cancer cases among non-smokers are caused by secondhand smoke. Living with smokers or being forced to breathe secondhand smoke at work increases the risk of lung cancer; environmental factors: air pollution (such as car exhaust) is also a risk factor, leading to a steady rise in the incidence of lung cancer and other respiratory tumors. Family history: If a family member has lung cancer, the risk of the rest of the family will also increase. Since there are no specific symptoms, early detection of lung cancer is difficult, and there is no economical and easily promoted screening method to detect lung cancer at an early stage. Nowadays, most organizations will organize a physical examination once a year, but it is not a cancer checkup, but only a health checkup, and it is possible to find high blood pressure and high blood sugar, but it is very difficult to find early cancer. For example, it is difficult to detect early lung cancer by simply taking a fluoroscopy or ordinary chest X-ray. Therefore, we recommend that people over 40 years old who smoke all the time and have a family history of tumor have an annual low-dose spiral CT, which has a high resolution and can detect nodules smaller than 4 mm. The reason why low-dose spiral CT is used is that low dose can reduce the damage to human body. Early detection of tumor, early diagnosis and timely treatment can help patients survive with high quality of life for a long time, and can greatly reduce the burden on families and society. From the perspective of prevention, it requires the joint efforts of the whole society such as controlling environmental pollution and tobacco control; from the perspective of treatment, early treatment and individualized treatment is the direction of lung cancer prevention and treatment. The cardiothoracic surgery department of Xinhua Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University Medical College is a national key clinical construction specialty, which can develop individualized treatment plan for each patient in different stages of early, middle and late stage to improve the treatment effect of patients.