Testicular infections are usually caused by bacteria and viruses. Bacterial infections rarely occur in the testes themselves, which are more resistant to bacterial infections due to their rich supply of blood and lymphatic fluid. Most bacterial orchitis is caused by inflammation of the adjacent epididymis, so it is also known as epididymal-orchitis. The common pathogenic bacteria are staphylococcus, streptococcus and E. coli. Viruses can directly invade the testes, most commonly the mumps virus, a pathogen that mainly invades the parotid gland in children. However, this virus also invades the testes, so viral orchitis often develops shortly after the onset of mumps. How is orchitis caused Epididymitis is a common disease of non-specific infection of the male reproductive system. When the resistance of the body decreases due to various reasons, pathogenic bacteria can take advantage of the opportunity to cause inflammation of the epididymis. Its common causative factors are the following 4 aspects. 1.Low resistance. Epididymitis occurs in young and middle-aged men, which has a lot to do with the decrease in body resistance caused by work and study pressure, excessive fatigue and irregular life of men in this age group, and pathogenic bacteria often take the opportunity to invade the epididymis and cause inflammation at this time. 2, secondary to other genitourinary system infections. The most common pathogenic bacteria causing epididymitis are Escherichia coli and glucococcus. These bacteria are mostly caused by other inflammatory diseases in the genitourinary system and enter the epididymis through the vas deferens and then multiply inside the epididymis to cause epididymitis. In addition, transurethral instrumentation and frequent catheterization are also common triggers of acute epididymitis. 3. The environment of the perineum is prone to urinary tract infection. Most men’s underwear is double-layered in front, wrapping the penis and scrotum together, leading to long-term high temperature and humidity in the perineum, which easily breeds bacteria, thus causing urinary tract infections and leading to epididymitis. 4. Bad habits. Sitting or cycling for a long time can compress the epididymis, thus affecting its blood circulation and making it prone to inflammation. People who have an irregular sex life, often hold back sperm without ejaculation or have interrupted intercourse are also prone to epididymitis. The actual fact is that you can find a lot of people who have been in the business for a long time. Small abscesses were seen when the testes were cut open. Histologically, focal necrosis, connective tissue edema and infiltration of lobulated nucleated granulocytes, inflammation, hemorrhage and necrosis of the germinal tubules are seen, and testicular abscess and testicular infarction can be formed in severe cases. Chronic non-specific orchitis Symptoms of chronic non-specific orchitis: Pathologically, the testes are enlarged or sclerotic and atrophied, the basement membrane of the spermatogenic tubules is vitreous and degenerative, and the spermatogenic epithelium disappears. There may be sclerosis around the germinal tubules, or small foci of hyperplasia may form. On clinical examination, the testes are chronically enlarged, hard and smooth, with light tenderness and loss of normal sensitivity. In some cases, the testes are gradually atrophied, and in severe cases, the testes can barely be found, showing a relative enlargement of the epididymis, and in most cases, the inflammation spreads from the epididymis to the testes, and the boundary between the two is unclear. Bilateral chronic orchitis can often cause infertility. Acute mumps orchitis Symptoms of acute mumps orchitis: The testicles are highly enlarged and purplish-blue to the naked eye. When the testicle is cut open, the testicular tubules cannot be extruded due to the reaction and edema of the interstitium. Histological observation shows edema with dilated blood vessels, a large number of inflammatory cells infiltrate, and different degrees of degeneration of the spermatogenic tubules. In the healing of orchitis, the testes became smaller and softer. There was severe atrophy of the seminiferous tubules, but the interstitial cells of the testis were preserved, so the secretion of testosterone was not affected.