I. What are the treatments for benign prostatic hyperplasia? Lower urinary tract symptoms (difficulty in urination, frequency, urgency, painful urination, waiting for urination, thin urine line) are the immediate feelings of patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and are most valued by the patients themselves. The lower urinary tract symptoms and the resulting decrease in quality of life are the main reasons why patients seek treatment, as patients have different levels of tolerance. Therefore, the degree of decline in lower urinary tract symptoms and quality of life is an important basis for the choice of treatment measures. Treatment options include watchful waiting, pharmacological treatment and surgical treatment. Watchful waiting is a non-pharmacologic, non-surgical treatment measure that includes patient education, lifestyle guidance, and follow-up. bph is a progressive benign proliferative process of prostate histology that is less predictable in its progression, and only a minority of bph patients may develop complications such as urinary retention, renal insufficiency, and bladder stones after a long follow-up period. Therefore, watchful waiting can be an appropriate management for most patients with BPH, especially when the patient’s quality of life has not yet been significantly affected by lower urinary tract symptoms. The short-term goal of pharmacotherapy for patients with BPH is to relieve patients’ lower urinary tract symptoms, and the long-term goal is to delay the clinical progression of the disease and prevent the development of complications. Maintaining a high quality of life for patients while reducing the side effects of drug therapy is the overall goal of drug therapy for BPH. Surgical treatment: BPH is a progressive disease and some patients will eventually require surgical treatment to relieve lower urinary tract symptoms and their impact on quality of life and complications. Indications for surgical treatment: Patients with severe BPH or those whose lower urinary tract symptoms have significantly affected their quality of life may opt for surgical treatment, especially if pharmacological treatment is not effective or if they refuse to accept pharmacological treatment. 1. Surgical treatment is recommended when BPH leads to the following complications: (1) recurrent urinary retention (inability to urinate after at least one extubation or twice); (2) recurrent hematuria and ineffective treatment with 5α-reductase inhibitors; (3) recurrent urinary tract infections; (4) bladder stones; (5) secondary upper urinary tract fluid (with or without renal impairment), in patients with BPH combined with large bladder diverticula, the inguinal hernia, severe hemorrhoids or prolapse, and those who are clinically judged to have difficulty in achieving therapeutic results without relieving lower urinary tract obstruction should be considered for surgical treatment. The measurement of residual urine volume has some reference value for the degree of lower urinary tract obstruction due to BPH, but because of the instability of repeated measurements, inter-individual variability, and the inability to distinguish lower urinary tract obstruction from bladder contractile weakness, it is not considered possible to determine the upper limit of residual urine volume that can be used as an indication for surgery. However, surgical treatment should be considered in patients with BPH who have significantly increased residual urine to the point of overflow incontinence.