When portal blood does not flow back smoothly through the liver into the inferior vena cava, it causes increased portal pressure, resulting in portal hypertension. There are many causes of portal hypertension, mainly cirrhosis caused by various reasons, and in China, cirrhosis after hepatitis B and/or C is common. About 25% to 40% of patients with chronic hepatitis B or C eventually develop severe cirrhosis after a chronic process, and 30% of patients with cirrhosis may eventually develop portal hypertension. Clinical manifestations: Portal hypertension progresses slowly and the clinical manifestations vary depending on the cause, but are mainly splenomegaly and hypersplenism, vomiting of blood and/or black stools, and ascites. According to statistics, 30% of patients with cirrhosis will cause gastrointestinal bleeding within 2 years of the discovery of varices, and if the bleeding stops without treatment, 70% of patients with variceal bleeding can experience rebleeding within 18 ~ 24 months, and the acute bleeding morbidity and mortality rate is between 20% and 50%, which is very dangerous. Diagnosis: mainly based on the history of liver diseases such as hepatitis and schistosomiasis and clinical manifestations such as splenomegaly, hypersplenism, vomiting blood or black stool, ascites, etc., the diagnosis is generally not difficult. Blood picture, liver function, X-ray barium meal angiography or endoscopy, abdominal ultrasound, CT, MRI, abdominal arteriography or direct hepatic venography and other examinations can help to make the diagnosis. When acute hemorrhage is present, it should be differentiated from other causes of bleeding. Treatment: Before surgical treatment of portal hypertension, a thorough assessment of the patient’s surgical indications and surgical tolerance is needed, especially to assess the liver reserve function, the degree of portal hypertension, and the hemodynamic status of the liver and portal veins. The liver reserve function mainly reflects the patient’s tolerance for surgery, and the Child-Pugh classification is commonly used, with grade A patients having the best tolerance for surgery, grade B the next best, and grade C the worst. The degree of portal hypertension is judged mainly by endoscopy, and bleeding from ruptured varicose veins can also be treated by endoscopic ligation or injection of sclerosing agents. Various imaging studies such as ultrasound, spiral CT angiography (CTA) and/or magnetic resonance portal venous system angiography (MRPVG) provide an adequate understanding of the hemodynamic status of the liver and portal veins.