I. Problems related to protein intake With the improvement of living standards, people’s diet structure has changed greatly, and due to improper diet, there has been an increase in diseases that follow, such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperuricemia, etc. High protein diet can directly affect the kidney, long-term high protein diet, prompting the glomerulus to produce high filtration, long-term high filtration can lead to glomerulosclerosis, such as glomerulosclerosis gradually aggravated, and eventually develop to renal failure, so the diet and kidney have a close relationship, such as kidney function has been damaged, high protein diet is to promote the deterioration of kidney function, plus protein decomposition metabolites can not be completely discharged, and gradually nitrogen The progressive development of nitrogen retention to uremia. When renal function is mildly reduced, i.e., GFR is 60-90ml/min, a low protein diet should be given, with a daily protein intake of 0.8g per kg body weight. When the renal function is moderately impaired, i.e. GFR is 30-60 ml/min, the daily protein intake is 0.6 g per kg of body weight. For severe impairment of renal function (GFR <30ml/min), the daily protein intake is 0.4 grams per kilogram of body weight. Protein intake should be restricted in patients with diabetic nephropathy with significant proteinuria. Total daily protein (animal protein > vegetable protein), carbohydrates can be increased appropriately to supplement calories, but rice flour contains protein, so it is also subject to a certain amount of control, only yams, rhizome flour, wheat starch contains less protein can be appropriately supplemented. If the blood fat is not high, you can eat some fatty meat. Can patients with kidney damage eat soy products? Patients with impaired kidney function require different amounts of protein control depending on the degree of impairment. Because low protein diet has the effect of slowing down the deterioration of kidney function. High protein diet, is to increase the burden of kidney, long-term high protein diet amount, can promote glomerulosclerosis, when the kidney function has mild to moderate damage, endogenous creatinine 70 ml/min, should be appropriate diet control, in order to avoid progressive deterioration of kidney function. In terms of dietary allocation, animal protein is required to be greater than vegetable protein. Soybean products are vegetable proteins like rice, and the protein content of soybean products exceeds that of rice, so the amount of protein should be controlled. Recently it has been suggested that plant protein legume protein may have a protective effect on the kidney unit and that the intake of plant protein can be increased. To this issue still needs to be recognized by most medical practitioners, it is worth further research, especially tofu class on the role of the kidney significance. If you use wheat starch (flour after protein extraction products, protein content of only 0.6%) instead of rice, save 15 grams of vegetable protein can eat half a pound of tofu or one or two soybeans (tofu coat protein content is higher, two two contains 53 grams of protein, so the tofu coat can not be eaten). It should also be noted that the whole day supply of high-quality protein food should be evenly distributed among 3 meals to facilitate better absorption and utilization. Restriction of protein intake in patients with renal impairment is bound to lead to a lack of essential amino acids, so supplementation of essential amino acids (compound a-keto acid) is necessary for patients with renal failure, and a large number of studies have confirmed that a low protein diet plus a-keto acid therapy can improve the residual renal function and nutritional status of patients. 2. Proteinuria with normal renal function: (1) nephrotic syndrome: large amount of proteinuria, accompanied by hypoproteinemia and high degree of swelling, protein is appropriately increased to supplement the protein lost in the body to achieve the purpose of diuresis and decongestion. Protein supplementation is roughly 1.2-1.5 grams per kilogram of body weight, and when the basic correction of plasma hypoprotein, protein diet is appropriately reduced by about 1-1.2 grams per kilogram of body weight, with a high-protein diet based on animal protein (mainly lean meat) and avoiding salt. (2) chronic nephritis proteinuria (about 1-2 grams per 24 hours), protein intake should not be too much, according to about 1 gram per kilogram of body weight, about 0.8 grams for the elderly, low-salt diet. 3, it is advisable to eat light and easy to digest food, avoid seafood, beef, mutton, spicy and stimulating food, wine and all hairy things such as: five spices, coffee, cilantro, etc. The kidney is one of the important organs for regulating water and electrolyte balance, and various kidney diseases tend to cause water and electrolyte balance disorders. 1, acute and chronic nephritis: Patients with acute and chronic nephritis are prone to hypertension and edema, which is caused by a decrease in the ability of the kidneys to excrete salt. Water and sodium retention causes an increase in blood volume and blood pressure. Therefore, salt and water intake should be limited in chronic nephritis. For patients with chronic nephritis who have not yet developed hypertension, edema and decreased urine output, it can be relaxed appropriately, as long as “salt and water restriction” can be achieved. For those patients who have urine output of less than 1,000 ml in 24 hours or have obvious edema and hypertension, it is necessary to “limit both water and salt” and eat only 2 to 3 grams of salt per day. In case of severe edema, salt should be strictly controlled to less than 2 grams per day (a medium toothpaste cap can hold 1.8 grams of salt), or a salt-free diet should be given. In addition, note that soy sauce, oyster sauce, MSG, curd and tempeh all contain salt and can be cooked just as well with lemon juice, vinegar, and small amounts of spices such as pepper and mustard instead. Salt cured meats, eggs and canned foods should also be eaten sparingly, such as bacon, salami, bacon, sausage, tripe, ham, dried pork, pork jerky, beef jerky, salted fish, salted chicken, salted eggs, pine eggs, potherb mustard, large head of vegetables, canned meat, canned fish, canned pickles, etc. Various noodle food generally also contains a certain amount of sodium (baking soda), so it should also be limited consumption. 2, chronic renal insufficiency: chronic renal insufficiency can appear hypertension, edema, high potassium, high phosphorus, high uric acid and other water-electrolyte disorders, so in addition to limiting the intake of salt and water, and at the same time to supply a diet to improve calcium content and reduce phosphorus. Foods rich in calcium include milk, green leafy vegetables, sesame paste, etc. When cooking fish and lean meat, boil them in water and fish them out, then fry them hot to be able to reduce the phosphorus content of fish and meat. High phosphorus when eating less sesame seeds, peanuts, melon seeds, mushrooms, egg yolk, whole wheat bread, coix seeds, dried lotus seeds, offal (pig liver, pig brain, pig intestines, chicken liver, etc.), dry legumes (red beans, green beans, soybeans, black beans, etc.), hard nuts (peanuts, cashews, pistachios, almonds, melon seeds, black sesame seeds, etc.) food and seafood and other foods containing high phosphorus, can eat foods containing less phosphorus such as sweet potatoes, potatoes, white radish Winter melon, loofah, egg white, vermicelli, apples, mandarin oranges, oranges, pineapples, etc. If hyperkalemia occurs, foods with high potassium content should be limited, such as thick broth, chicken essence, bananas, cantaloupe, lemons, oranges, bamboo shoots, cauliflower, fava beans, potatoes, nori, kelp, fungus, silver ears, etc. Do not eat or eat less food. Chronic renal insufficiency is likely to cause iron deficiency anemia, should supply iron-rich foods and foods containing high vitamin C, so that the trivalent iron is reduced to easily absorbed divalent iron, in meal preparation on the basis of sufficient daily calories carefully selected iron-rich foods, such as: liver, waist, kidney, red lean meat, fish and poultry animal blood, eggs and milk, hard fruits, dried fruits (grape ten, dried apricots, dried dates), mushrooms, fungus, mushrooms, kelp and Soy products green leafy vegetables, etc. Foods with a high absorption rate of iron are lean meat, fish and poultry, blood and offal, containing heme iron. The absorption rate is 10% – 20%. Other foods containing non-heme iron are dairy eggs, cereals, hard fruits, dried fruits of vegetables (of which egg yolk is 3% and wheat is 5%) have a lower absorption rate of 10% or less. Also avoid foods containing high oxalic, phytic and tannic acids that interfere with the reduced absorption rate, such as spinach, amaranth, and hollow cabbage. Pay attention to equipping with vegetables high in vitamin C such as tomatoes, persimmon peppers, bitter melon, rape and chard. Do not drink tea during the diet of iron deficiency anemia, as it may affect the absorption of iron.