MDS is the acronym for myelodysplastic syndrome, a malignant clonal disorder of hematopoietic stem cells. It manifests clinically as a decrease in one, two or more lines of blood cells in the peripheral blood, with the distinctive features of high risk of transformation to leukemia and pathological hematopoiesis. Myelodysplastic syndromes are clinically divided into five major groups, each with a distinctly different presentation and prognosis, and are classified into low-risk, intermediate-risk and high-risk groups according to the prognosis of the disease. Currently, for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndrome, the preferred treatment is demethylation drug therapy, and commonly used drugs include decitabine and azacitidine. In addition, for patients in the high-risk group, allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation can be considered first if a suitable bone marrow donor is available; for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome in the low-risk group, regular blood transfusion therapy or symptomatic support therapy is generally required.