Diabetes is a chronic disease, diabetes itself is not terrible, as long as regular and appropriate medication is generally not dangerous, but its complications are very dangerous. According to the statistics of China, there are more than 80 kinds of acute or chronic complications caused by diabetes, such as heart, brain, liver, lung, kidney, eye, limb, skin and nerve.
The following are common in clinical practice
1, cardiovascular disease
Diabetic heart disease usually refers to diabetic patients with complications or concomitant coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, to microangiopathy, plant nerve dysfunction caused by heart rhythm and cardiac malfunction. As diabetics are often accompanied by high blood lipids, hypertension, atherosclerosis, highly susceptible to cardiovascular disease.
2, nephropathy
Diabetic nephropathy is an important cause of death in diabetic patients, so it is an extremely serious harm to diabetic patients, common damage is glomerulosclerosis, manifested as small arteriosclerosis, pyelonephritis, renal papillary necrosis, urine protein, etc.
3, diabetic eye disease
There are seven common eye diseases complicated by diabetes: diabetic complications of retinopathy, diabetic uveitis, diabetic cataract, diabetic changes, diabetic retinal lipemia, diabetic glaucoma, and diabetic refractive changes. The most common of these is diabetic retinopathy, which is an important cause of blindness in diabetes, followed by diabetic cataract, which is also the most common comorbidity of diabetes that destroys vision.
4. Neuropathy
Diabetic neuropathy is a general term for a variety of lesions that occur in the nervous system as a result of diabetes. It includes the vegetative nervous system, the central nervous system, the motor nervous system, the peripheral nervous system and so on. Among them, diabetic peripheral neuropathy is the most common comorbidity of diabetes. Peripheral neuropathy is divided into multiple neuropathies and peripheral neuropathies. The lesions can be unilateral, bilateral, symmetric or asymmetric. The prominent manifestation is numbness, swelling and pain in both lower limbs, accompanied by pins and needles, burning-like abnormal sensation, which is difficult to tolerate. Some patients may have spontaneous pain lightning-like pain or cutting-like pain.
5.Diabetic foot
Diabetic foot mainly refers to diabetic patients, there is no peripheral neuropathy and peripheral vascular disease of the population, but has appeared foot infection such as nail infection, foot infection caused by foot infection, pus, ulceration and other symptoms. The symptoms of the diabetic foot itself cause mental and physical pain to the patient. Diabetic foot reflects the lesions of nerves and large blood vessels in the foot caused by diabetes and leads to local tissue breakdown, infection, osteomyelitis, necrosis, etc. Local treatment is usually very difficult and many patients end up requiring amputation or toe amputation.
Diabetic patients are required to carry out the examination
1, fundus inspection
Diabetic eye complications, mainly related to the course of the disease and the manipulation of blood sugar. The common ones are diabetic retinopathy, cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, etc., which can lead to vision loss or even blindness.
2, urine microalbumin measurement: about 30%-40% of type 1 and about 20% of type 2 diabetes occur diabetic nephropathy, the gold standard for early diagnosis of diabetic nephropathy is the measurement of urine microalbumin, 20ug/min or 30mg/24h can be diagnosed.
3. Cardiac and cardiac ultrasonography.
Diabetic heart disease including coronary heart disease, diabetic cardiomyopathy, diabetic cardiac autonomic neuropathy, must do electrocardiogram, cardiac ultrasound, cardiac autonomic electrophysiological testing.
4, nerve conduction velocity measurement and electromyography.
60%-70% of diabetic patients have varying degrees of nerve damage, manifested as hyperalgesia, loss of sensation in the extremities, or paralysis, tingling, etc. The objective gold standard diagnostic method is neurophysiological examination, i.e. nerve conduction velocity measurement and electromyography.
5.Vascular color ultrasound Doppler investigation
Large blood vessels throughout the body can be involved, the lower extremities are the most common, which can lead to arterial narrowing and even occlusion, manifested as cold skin on the foot, foot pain, intermittent claudication, and skin susceptibility to infection, ulcers that do not heal over time, and in severe cases, gangrene leading to amputation (toe), color ultrasound Doppler investigation can help early detection of peripheral vascular lesions.