1. Low back pain and radiating pain of one lower limb are the main symptoms of the disease. Low back pain often occurs before leg pain, or both can occur at the same time; most of them have a history of trauma, and there can be no clear cause. The pain has the following characteristics: (1) The radiating pain is transmitted along the sciatic nerve and reaches the lateral calf, dorsum of the foot or toes. In the case of lumbar 3-4 interval herniation, radiating pain to the front of the thigh is produced due to compression of the lumbar 4 nerve root. (2) All actions that increase the pressure of cerebrospinal fluid, such as coughing, sneezing and defecation, can aggravate the lumbago and radiating pain. (3) Pain increases with activity and decreases with rest. Bed position: Most patients adopt lateral recumbency and flex the affected limb; individual severe cases have pain in all positions and can only bend the hip and knee in bed to relieve symptoms. In combination with lumbar spinal stenosis, there is often intermittent claudication. 2, scoliosis deformity bent in the lower back, more obvious when forward flexion. The direction of scoliosis depends on the relationship between the herniated nucleus pulposus and the nerve roots: if the herniation is located in front of the nerve roots, the trunk is generally bent to the affected side. Left: the herniated nucleus pulposus is located in front of the nerve root, the spine bends to the affected side, and the pain increases if the bend is to the healthy side Right: the herniated nucleus pulposus is located in front of the nerve root, the spine bends to the healthy side, and the pain increases if the bend is to the affected side 3. As a result of lumbar muscle tension, the physiological anterior convexity of the lumbar spine disappears. The anterior flexion and posterior extension of the spine is restricted, and radiating pain to one lower limb may occur during anterior flexion or posterior extension. The restriction of lateral bending is often only on one side, according to which it can be distinguished from lumbar spine tuberculosis or tumor. 4.Lumbar pressure pain with radiating pain There is a limited pressure pain point next to the spinous process on the affected side of the herniated disc, accompanied by radiating pain to the calf or foot, and this point is important for diagnosis. 5. positive straight leg raise test Due to the difference of individual physique, there is no uniform degree standard for this test to be positive, and attention should be paid to the comparison of both sides. A positive test is when the leg elevation is limited on the affected side and radiating pain is felt to the calf or foot. Sometimes numbness occurs in the affected leg while lifting the healthy limb, which is caused by the pulling of the nerve on the affected side, and this point is of great value for diagnosis. 6. Neurological examination When lumbar 3-4 herniation (lumbar 4 nerve root compression) is present, there may be decreased or absent knee reflex and decreased sensation in the medial calf. In the case of lumbar 4-5 herniation (lumbar 5 nerve root compression), the dorsal sensation of the anterolateral foot of the lower leg is reduced, and the muscle strength of extension and 2 toes is often reduced. In the case of lumbar 5-sacral 1 herniation (sacral 1 nerve root compression), there is hypoesthesia of the posterior and lateral calf, hypotonia of the 3rd, 4th and 5th toe muscles, and hypotonia or disappearance of the Achilles tendon reflex. In severe cases of nerve compression, the affected limb may have muscle atrophy. If the herniation is large, or if it is central, or if the nucleus pulposus fragments protrude into the spinal canal, there may be more extensive nerve root or cauda equina damage symptoms, and the numbness area on the affected side is often more extensive, including the affected hip, lateral femur, calf and foot below the plane of nucleus pulposus protrusion. Central type herniation often has nerve damage symptoms in both lower extremities, but one side is heavier; attention should be paid to check the sensation in the saddle area, which is often reduced on one side and sometimes on both sides, often with loss of control of urination, wet pants bedwetting, constipation, sexual dysfunction, and even partial or major paralysis of both lower extremities.