Treatment of male anterior urethral strictures According to the severity of anterior urethral strictures, the following treatment methods are adopted in order: 1. Simple urethral dilatation: only for strictures caused by superficial scarring or folds of the urethral mucosa, generally in order to dilate without causing bleeding; 2. Endourethrotomy: limited to patients with mucosal fold-like strictures, as well as very superficial spongy fibrosis or strictures shorter than 1 cm; 3. Urethral repair (1) Stenosis segment excision + end-to-end urethral anastomosis for non-penile anterior urethra of short length (1-2 cm) (2) Urethral reconstruction with tipped flap graft and free mucosa for patients with long (>3 cm) and complicated anterior urethral strictures.