1, what are the common causes of urinary incontinence common causes of true incontinence include severe cystitis, tuberculous cystitis and infantile enuresis, etc. Certain neuropathies resulting in bladder spasms such as multiple sclerosis (Multiple Sclerosis) can also be manifested as this type of incontinence. Common causes of passive true urinary incontinence include uterine prolapse, abnormal bladder neck motility, urethral sphincter injury due to childbirth, excessive urethral dilatation, post prostate removal, umbilical ureteral fistula, and ectopic ureteral opening. Most of the common clinical cases of stress urinary incontinence in menstruating women are in this category. The urethral sphincter itself is not abnormally damaged in patients with filling incontinence, but is commonly associated with urethral obstruction due to various diseases, such as prostatic hyperplasia, urethral stricture, neurogenic lesions such as spinal consumption, and also in the early spinal shock phase of spinal injury. 2.What is urinary retention Urinary retention means that urine is in the bladder and cannot be discharged normally. According to the characteristics of the history of urinary retention, it is divided into two categories: acute urinary retention and chronic urinary retention. Common causes are urinary obstruction below the level of the bladder due to various reasons, such as inflammation of the urethra, urethral stones, tumors, prostate hypertrophy, and fibrosis at the bladder opening. In addition, neurogenic bladder caused by spinal cord injury is also a common cause of chronic urinary retention. When diagnosing different etiologies, attention should be paid to the differential diagnosis based on the characteristics of the different diseases. In the presence of urethral disorders, there is often spasmodic pain during urination; in the case of prostate disorders, there is a progressive development of urinary disorders; in the case of bladder disorders, there are usually symptoms of bladder irritation such as frequency, urgency, and painful urination; in the case of stone disorders, there is interruption of urinary flow during urination, which may be relieved by changing position or jumping. Cystourethrography and cystourethroscopy can be helpful in identifying urethral injury and bladder disorders. In contrast, neurological examination and urodynamic examination and electromyography have diagnostic value for the diagnosis of neurogenic bladder. 3, what is bladder irritation symptoms bladder irritation symptoms refer to urinary frequency, urinary urgency and painful urination. If the number of urination is abnormally increased is called frequent urination, if there is a sense of urgency in urination is called urgent urination, and if you feel pain when urinating is called painful urination. In general, normal people urinate 3 to 5 times during the day and 0 to 2 times at night. The number of daytime urination also varies with the amount of water consumed, the climate and personal habits, but the number of nighttime urination is generally more constant, so the clinical significance of the increased number of nighttime urination is greater. The most common cause of bladder irritation symptoms is nonspecific cystitis. In addition, urinary tuberculosis, bladder stones, tumors, foreign bodies, prostatic hyperplasia, lower urinary tract obstruction, prostatitis, and vesiculitis can all manifest as bladder irritation symptoms. 4.What is Urethral Syndrome Urethral syndrome (URS) is a common lower urinary tract symptom in women, manifesting as obvious urinary frequency, urinary urgency, urinary pain and urinary tract irritation such as difficult urination, but generally no systemic manifestations, no lumbar pain, no pressure pain without upper ureteral point, rib and lumbar point, and no percussion pain in the kidney area. Laboratory examination of the middle urinalysis leukocyte count is not increased or slightly increased, generally <10/HP, repeated urine bacterial culture colony count <10×107/L (105/ml), the symptoms are mostly able to gradually disappear after 2-3 days, but recurrence is easy to occur, the etiology of the syndrome is unclear, part of which may be pathogenic infection, and another part may be non- The cause of this syndrome is unclear, some of them may be pathogenic infections, while others may be caused by non-infectious diseases. Pain is a common symptom of urological and male genital disorders. Clinically, in order to make a definite diagnosis, attention should be paid to detailed history taking and physical examination. First of all, we should ask about the location, nature and degree of pain, whether there is radiating pain, where it radiates to, and whether there are other accompanying symptoms. Renal disorders can cause low back pain or epigastric pain, which can be manifested as an insidious dull or distending pain (e.g., tumor, hydronephrosis, renal stone, etc.), or as sharp and severe pain or colic (e.g., acute purulent infection of the kidney or perirenal area; tumor tissue invading the nerve roots near the renal hilum in advanced renal tumors; acute renal tubular torsion occurring in cases such as wandering kidney, etc.). Colic is commonly associated with spasm caused by acute renal pelvis and ureteral obstruction due to various diseases. If a stone or blood clot moves down the ureter, it can cause severe colic, and the pain can radiate to the lower abdomen, perineum, inner thighs, etc. It is clinically known as renal colic. Another kind of pain in the kidney area is reflex pain, where the kidney itself does not have any disease, but is reflected from other parts (such as prostate disorders, vulvar disorders, female pelvic organ disorders, etc.). In addition, a kidney disorder on one side can also cause pain in the opposite kidney through the kidney-renal reflex. Painful symptoms from bladder disorders are usually limited to the suprapubic area and are usually vague or distending in nature, and can be caused by inflammation, stones, obstruction, or overstretching of the bladder. However, severe pain can also be caused when inflammation of the bladder reaches the submucosal or muscular layers of the bladder wall (e.g., interstitial cystitis, severe tuberculous cystitis, etc.). In addition, advanced bladder tumors or tumors near the urethral orifice are often associated with frequent urination, urgency and difficulty in urination in addition to severe pain and discomfort, and sometimes the pain may radiate to the head of the penis. Urethra, prostate, seminal vesicles and other organs often have different characteristics of painful symptoms due to the presence of acute and chronic inflammation, stones, urethral strictures, prostatitis and seminal vesiculitis. In general, the localization of pain in the urethra is relatively clear, while the site of pain in the prostate and seminal vesicles is often less clear and may have radiating pain. Acute and chronic inflammation of the testis, trauma, tumor, torsion and varicocele often lead to painful symptoms in the testis and nearby areas. Acute epididymitis, orchitis, acute testicular torsion, trauma, etc. usually lead to severe pain, while the swelling and discomfort caused by varicocele is not very serious, and testicular tumors usually do not show painful symptoms in the early stage.